On the dynamics of the psychosocial work environment and employee well-being: A latent transition approach.
Urbanaviciute, I.; Massoudi, K.; Toscanelli, C.; De Witte, H.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol 18, Issue 4744, Pages https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094744
Abstract
Journal article
The impact of social behavior and peers’ attitudes toward students with special educational needs on self-reported peer interactions.
Schwab, S., Lehofer, M., & Tanzer, N.
Frontiers in Education Vol 6, Issue 561662, Pages 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.561662
Abstract
According to the literature, social participation (e.g., peer interactions) of students diagnosed with special educational needs (SEN) has to be focused upon as they are at a higher risk of being socially excluded compared to students without SEN. Research has pointed out that social participation of students with SEN is influenced by their own social behavior as well as the attitudes of peers with no SEN toward them. The present study assessed the impact of the social behavior of students diagnosed with SEN (n = 88; 48 boys and 40 girls) as well as that of the attitudes of their peers without SEN (n = 227; 139 boys and 153 girls) toward them on the social participation. Results indicated that students without SEN were less likely to interact with their classmates with SEN. Peer interactions of students with SEN were not significantly influenced by their own social behavior.
Journal article
Psychometric analysis of the Dutch language Facilitative Interpersonal Skills (FIS) video clips.
van Thiel, S., Joosen, M. C., Joki, A.-L., van Dam, A., van der Klink, J. J., & de Jong, K.
Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome Vol 24, Issue 1, Pages 94-105. https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2021.513
Abstract
With the motivation of investigating the replicability and transferability of the findings employing the Facilitative Interpersonal Skills (FIS) performance task beyond Anglophone countries, a set of Dutch FIS clips have been scripted and recorded. In this study the psychometric properties of the Dutch clips was tested. Furthermore, an additional set of FIS clips portraying a non-challenging client-therapist interaction was tested. 369 psychology students rated the interpersonal impact (IMI-C) and the affect (positive and negative affect schedule) displayed by the hypothetical client. Thirteen out of sixteen FIS clips were located in the same IMI-C quadrant as the US clips, indicating good content validity for all sets of FIS clips. Inter-rater reliability was reasonable for one set of Dutch language FIS clips (k=0.416). Visual inspection of quadrants showed the different character of the non-challenging set of FIS clips. The Dutch FIS clips are directly applicable for educational and research purposes.
Journal article
Stress, flourishing and intention to leave of teachers: Does coping type matter?
Marais-Opperman, V., Rothmann, S., & Van Eeden, C.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 47, Issue a1834, Pages 1-11. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v47i0.1834
Abstract
Teachers face a demanding work environment which might cause stress. Depending on teachers’ coping profile, distress might indirectly affect teachers’ intentions to resign from their jobs via their flourishing. This study aimed to investigate the associations between teachers’ perceived stress, flourishing at work, intention to leave their jobs and coping types. The effect of stress on flourishing at work has not been studied in relation to teachers’ intentions to leave. Furthermore, no person-centred studies on coping of teachers in relation to their well-being and retention were found. A sample of teachers (n = 209) participated in a cross-sectional study. The Perceived Stress Scale, Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE) Inventory, Flourishing-at-Work Scale – Short Form and Intention to Leave Scale were administered. Latent variable modelling was used to analyse the data. Flourishing at work was positively associated with perceived positive stress and low perceived distress. Perceived distress impacted teachers’ intentions to leave directly and indirectly (via low flourishing). Perceived positive stress indirectly and negatively impacted teachers’ intentions to leave via flourishing. Person-centred analyses identified three types of copers that were associated with perceived positive stress and distress. It is essential to focus on teachers’ stress, coping type and flourishing to promote their retention. This study provided insights regarding the associations between teachers’ perceived stress, flourishing at work and intention to leave their jobs. Moreover, it showed that coping types are associated with the perceived stress of teachers.
Journal article
The validation of a diversity climate measurement instrument for the South African environment.
McCallaghan, S., & Heyns, M.M.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 47, Issue a1830., Pages 1-8. https://doi.org/ 10.4102/sajip.v47i0.1830
Abstract
South Africa had a distinctive diversity environment with unique diversity-related challenges. Researchers and practitioners required a validated diversity climate instrument that can be used to examine diversity management observations in a South African setting. The objective of this study was to address a research opportunity to source, test and validate a diversity climate instrument for the South African environment. Studies examining the conceptualisation, validation and measurement invariance of a diversity climate instrument for the South African environment do not yet exist. A quantitative approach with cross-sectional design was utilised. A total of 323 respondents from a convenience sample formed part of this study. Statistical analysis included reliability, validity and measurement invariance computations. An applicable one-dimensional diversity climate assessment instrument was identified from literature. This study found evidence indicating that the instrument was reliable and valid across white and African population groups. The assessment of diversity climate will be an accurate indication on how well an organisation is managing diversity. A validated measuring instrument will be a valuable managerial tool for any South African organisation, which can assist with future decision making. This study was able to source and validate a diversity climate measuring instrument for a unique diversity setting, such as South Africa.
Journal article
‘It kinda sucks’: Illness perception of a group of South African adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Lesage, S., Deacon, E., Van Rensburg, E., & Segal, D.
African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine Vol 13, Issue 1, Pages a2782. https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v13i1.2782
Abstract
Living with diabetes is challenging, especially for adolescents at risk of poor glycaemic control. Understanding the illness perceptions of this group is important to be able to develop interventions for this growing population in need. This study explored the illness perception amongst adolescents living with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and how these perceptions interacted with the management of T1D. This study was conducted at a medical centre providing care for adolescents living with T1D in Parktown, South Africa. A qualitative, explorative design with semi-structured interviews was followed. A non-random purposive sampling method was utilised. The illness perception amongst eight adolescents, aged 12–18 years, at risk of poor glycaemic control, was analysed through thematic analysis. Two subthemes related to illness perception were generated, namely (1) illness perception of T1D is negative and (2) living with T1D leads to a sense of being different. Furthermore, two subthemes were generated in relation to how illness perceptions interacted with diabetes management, namely (3) management of T1D is challenging and (4) management of T1D is motivated by fear. This group of adolescents with at-risk glycaemic control believed that T1D is difficult to manage, leading to a largely negative perception of the disease. This study contributes to the body of literature on adolescents where illness perception may play a role in adhering to diabetes care plans. This research may give additional insights into the awareness of illness perception in designing successful interventions.
Journal article
Missing data treatments in intervention studies: What was, what is, and what should be.
Rioux, C. & Little, T.D.
International Journal of Behavioral Development Vol 45, Issue 1, Pages 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025419880609
Abstract
Missing data are ubiquitous in studies examining preventive interventions. This missing data need to be handled appropriately for data analyses to yield unbiased results. After a brief discussion of missing data mechanisms, inappropriate missing data treatments and appropriate missing data treatments, we review the current state of missing data treatments in intervention studies as well as how they have evolved over the years. Although missing data treatments have improved over the years, antiquated missing data treatments associated with biased results are still prevalent. Furthermore, many studies do not appropriately report their rates of missing data and missing data treatments. Using appropriate missing data treatments is elemental to accurately identify effective preventive interventions and properly inform practice and policy
Journal article
How can wellbeing at work and sustainable employability of gifted workers be enhanced? A qualitative study from a capability approach perspective.
Van Casteren, P.A.J., Meerman, J., Brouwers, E.P.M., Van Dam, A., Van der Klink, J.J.L.
BMC Public Health Vol 21, Issue 392, Pages 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10413-8
Abstract
Being gifted with a very high IQ (> 98 percentile) can provide an advantage in the occupational context but can also come with its` own specific challenges. Where some studies found higher than average levels of wellbeing at work and successful careers amongst the gifted, other studies report boredom and less job satisfaction. This poses the question what gifted people value in work, and which factors are associated with the achievement of valued work related outcomes, wellbeing and sustainable employability. In this study these questions were explored using the value driven capability approach as a theoretical framework. A qualitative approach was chosen and 16 in-depth semi-structured interviews with gifted workers (IQ > 130) were conducted. The transcripts were analysed using a reflexive thematic analysis aimed at identifying the work related outcomes participants aspired to achieve and the contextual and personal factors that affected the actualisation of these outcomes. Participants placed great value on the opportunity to learn, to use their knowledge and skills, and tended to have high ethical standards. If realized, these values contributed to wellbeing whereas if not fulfilled, this often resulted in frustration and sadness. The most important personal factors associated with wellbeing at work and sustainable employability were the level of organizational awareness, self-knowledge, a willingness to compromise, and fear of stigmatisation. Contextually a facilitating leadership style of managers was important, allowing the worker autonomy and decision latitude. Socially, participants enjoyed others as sparring partners but often had an aversion to small talk which could lead to social avoidance and loneliness. If gifted workers managed (to get) what they valued in work, this was associated with wellbeing and sustainable employment. Coaching aimed at improving organizational awareness, specific social skills (e.g. small talk, adaptability) and understanding their own cognitive processes could be valuable. The application of an autonomy supporting facilitative leadership style by supervisors would be beneficial. Further research should try to confirm the findings using quantitative methods and needs to examine more closely the impact of stigmatisation and leadership styles.
Journal article
Adaptation of an online training and support program for caregivers of people with dementia to Indian cultural setting.
Baruah, U., Loganathan, S., Shivakumar, P., Pot, A.M., Mehta, K.M., Gallagher-Thompson, D., Dua, T., Varghese, M.
Asian Journal of Psychiatry Vol 59, Issue 102624, Pages 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102624
Abstract
Support for caregivers of people with dementia has been identified as an action area in the Global Action Plan on the Public Health Response to Dementia 2017–2025 by the World Health Organization (WHO). As a step towards that, WHO developed iSupport - an online program to provide support and training for caregivers of people with dementia. To address the need of caregivers in India, the iSupport program was adapted to the Indian cultural setting. The process of adaptation consisted of four phases: (a) information gathering (review of literature and focus group discussions), (b) preliminary adaptation design (modifications using an adaptation guide), (c) preliminary adaptation tests (face-to-face interviews and online test run), and (d) adaptation refinement (final modifications to the intervention and study process). The initial adaptation was carried out by effecting changes in words, names, resources, caregiving scenarios and audio files to make the English version of iSupport suitable to the Indian cultural context. The results of the qualitative adaptation tests provided additional recommendations like changing the links to India specific websites, revising the eligibility criterion for caregiving duration, re-wording of e-mail texts, inclusion of a time estimate required to complete the assessments and decreasing the numbers of screens that the caregivers had to navigate in the program, which were incorporated in the final phase. Preliminary data showed that the caregivers who participated in the adaptation process found the changes acceptable. Translation of iSupport to different Indian languages could be undertaken after initial effectiveness of the program is established.
Journal article
Difference in mood at work and home. An additional indicator of job satisfaction.
Gaucher, R., Burger, M. & Veenhoven, R.
Journal of Well-being Assessment
Abstract
New techniques for multiple moment assessment allow us to assess how people feel at different times of the day. These techniques are mostly used to assess how well people feel during particular activities, such as during work or childcare. In this paper we focus on the difference in how well people feel at work and at home. The following questions are addressed: 1) How large is the difference in mood at work and at home? 2) How much does the difference in mood at work and at home vary across kinds of people and occupations? 3) Is the difference in mood at work and at home associated with job satisfaction as measured using common general retrospective ratings or does it tap another aspect of job satisfaction? We explore answers to these questions, using data from a diary study in the Netherlands, done using an e-application of the Day Reconstruction Method (DRM) in which 1,410 people provided information about mood experienced in 32,000 episodes. We found that the average difference in mood at work and at home is small in this sample but that it varies across people and occupations. We found a low correlation of the difference in mood with the respondent’s retrospective ratings of their general job satisfaction, which suggests that there is more in the phenomena of job satisfaction than is measured using the usual questions on general job satisfaction. This, as yet unrecognized, aspect of job satisfaction is likely to add to information demands behind common measurements of job satisfaction, that is, to indicate the quality of the work conditions and estimate chances to improve worker performance and reduce turnover by making work more satisfying. We suggest an agenda for research in these areas of possible gains.
Journal article
Prevalence of shift work disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Pallesen, S., Bjorvatn, B., Waage, S., Harris, A. & Sagoe, D.
Frontiers in Psychology Vol 12, Issue 638252, Pages 1-11, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.638252
Abstract
No systematic review or meta-analysis concerning the prevalence of shift work disorder (SWD) has been conducted so far. The aim was thus to review prevalence studies of SWD, to calculate an overall prevalence by a random effects meta-analysis approach and investigate correlates of SWD prevalence using a random-effects meta-regression. Systematic searches were conducted in ISI Web of Science, PsycNET, PubMed, and Google Scholar using the search terms “shift work disorder” and “shift work sleep disorder.” No restrictions in terms of time frame were used. Included studies had to present original data on the prevalence of SWD in an occupational sample published in English. A total of 349 unique hits were made. In all, 29 studies were finally included from which two authors independently extracted data using predefined data fields. The meta-regression included four predictors (diagnostic criteria, study country, type of workers, and sample size). The overall prevalence of SWD was 26.5% (95% confidence interval = 21.0–32.8). Cochran Q was 1,845.4 (df = 28, p < 0.001), and the I 2 was 98.5%, indicating very high heterogeneity across the observed prevalence estimates. Diagnostic criteria (International Classification of Sleep Disorders-2 = 0, International Classification of Sleep Disorders-3 = 1) and sample size were inversely related to SWD prevalence. The prevalence of SWD was high across the included studies. The between-study disparity was large and was partly explained by diagnostic criteria and sample size. In order to facilitate comparative research on SWD, there is a need for validation and standardization of assessment methodology as well as agreement in terms of sample restrictions.
Journal article
Happiness and consumption: A research synthesis using an online finding archive.
Veenhoven, R., Chiperi, F., Kang, X. & Burger, M.
SAGE Open Pages 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020986239
Abstract
There is a considerable amount of research on the effect of income on happiness, but only a limited number of studies have considered how the spending of income works out on one’s happiness. In this article, we take stock of the scattered findings on the relation between consumption and happiness. We cover 379 research findings observed in 99 empirical studies. We use a new method of research synthesis, in which research findings are first described in a comparable format and then entered in an online “findings archive” (World Database of Happiness). This technique allows a condensed presentation of the many research findings, while providing readers access to the full results through hyperlinks from the text. Our systematic review reveals some unexpected findings, but does not provide a conclusive answer to the question of what patterns of consumption provide the most happiness for what type of people. Suggestions for further research are provided.
Journal article
The role of intolerance of uncertainty in the relationship between daily search for and presence of meaning in life.
Morse, J. L., Prince, M. A., & Steger, M. F.
International Journal of Wellbeing Vol 11, Issue 1, Pages 34-49
Abstract
People who are highly intolerant of uncertainty have a propensity to fear the unknown, which influences perceptions and desires for control and predictability (Carleton, 2016). Processes related to searching for and maintaining meaning might deviate based on intolerance of uncertainty as meaning-making can be spurred by breakdowns in one’s sense of understanding or predictability (Park, 2010). The current study was designed to examine within-person relationships between daily search for and presence of meaning, while investigating how people’s intolerance of uncertainty (IU) influences the search-presence relationship. During a three-week daily diary study, results showed that daily search significantly predicted same-day presence and presence the following day. IU significantly moderated the effects of search on presence such that people who were highly intolerant of uncertainty experienced less presence when they engaged in searching than low IU participants. Results suggest researchers should consider the potential consequences of IU in limiting the development of a vital well-being resource, presence of meaning.
Journal article
Psychometric properties and Rasch validation of the teachers’ version of the Perception of Resources Questionnaire.
Alnahdi, G.H., Goldan, J., & Schwab S
Frontiers in Psychology Vol 12, Issue 633801, Pages 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.633801
Abstract
Research indicates that the perception of available resources is a key factor for the implementation of inclusive education. Regarding the teachers, a relatively high level of perceived personnel and physical resources is associated with more positive attitudes toward inclusive education and experiencing a higher level of self-efficacy. Thus, this study aims to examine the psychometric properties of the teacher version of the Perceptions of Resources Questionnaire (PRQ-T). Data were collected from a sample of 1,078 in-service teachers in Austria. Different statistical analyses were used, including Rasch analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The results indicated good psychometric properties of the PRQ-T regarding internal consistency measured by person separation index (PSI) and construct validity by both confirmatory factor analysis and the Rasch analysis. Moreover, the findings supported that the PRQ-T is a two-factor scale to measure teachers’ perceptions of personnel and physical resources in inclusive education. Further studies with different samples are necessary to confirm the findings.
Journal article
Social study resources and social wellbeing before and during the intelligent COVID?19 lockdown in the Netherlands.
Van Zyl, L.E.
Social Indicators Research Vol 0, Pages https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-021-02654-2
Abstract
The first intelligent COVID-19 lockdown resulted in radical changes within the tertiary educational system within the Netherlands. These changes posed new challenges for university students and many social welfare agencies have warned that it could have adverse effects on the social wellbeing (SWB) of university students. Students may lack the necessary social study-related resources (peer- and lecturer support) (SSR) necessary to aid them in coping with the new demands that the lockdown may bring. As such, the present study aimed to investigate the trajectory patterns, rate of change and longitudinal associations between SSR and SWB of 175 Dutch students before and during the COVID-19 lockdown. A piecewise latent growth modelling approach was employed to sample students’ experiences over three months. Participants to complete a battery of psychometric assessments for five weeks before the COVID-19 lockdown was implemented, followed by two directly after and a month follow-up. The results were paradoxical and contradicting to initial expectations. Where SSR showed a linear rate of decline before- and significant growth trajectory during the lockdown, SWB remained moderate and stable. Further, initial levels and growth trajectories between SSR and SWB were only associated before the lockdown.
Journal article
Perceived stress, coping and mental health of teachers: A latent profile analysis.
Marais-Opperman, V., Van Eeden, C., & Rothmann, S.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 31, Issue 1, Pages 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2021.1875561
Abstract
This study aimed to identify teachers’ stress profiles from their perceived stress responses, and to determine the relationships between their stress profiles, coping strategies, and mental health. Participants were a convenience sample of teachers (n = 209) in the Sedibeng East District in South Africa (female = 80.4%; mean age = 41.59 years, SD = 12.35 years). The teachers responded to the Perceived Stress Scale, the Brief COPE Inventory, and the Mental Health Continuum – Short Form. Following latent profile analyses, results revealed three stress profiles: distressed, moderately stressed, and self-efficacious. The three stress profiles differed significantly regarding coping strategies and mental health. Teachers with a distressed profile who used self-blame as a coping strategy had poor mental health, while those with a self-efficacious profile and religion as a coping strategy had better mental health. The distressed profile had the most substantial adverse effect on mental health when positive reframing and active coping was low. Interventions aimed to promote mental health in teachers should consider their coping strategies as resources for recovery.
Journal article
Longitudinal trajectories of study resources and mental health before and during the COVID-19 lockdown.
Van Zyl, L. E., Rothmann, S., & Zondervan-Zwijnenburg, M. A.
Frontiers in Psychology Vol 12, Issue 633533, Pages 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.633533
Abstract
The COVID-19 lockdown has significantly disrupted the higher education environment within the Netherlands and led to changes in available study-related resources and study demands of students. These changes in study resources and study demands, the uncertainty and confusion about educational activities, the developing fear and anxiety about the disease, and the implementation of the COVID-19 lockdown measures may have a significant impact on the mental health of students. As such, this study aimed to investigate the trajectory patterns, rate of change, and longitudinal associations between study resources–demands and mental health of 141 university students from the Netherlands before and during the COVID-19 lockdown. The present study employed a longitudinal design and a piecewise latent growth modeling strategy to investigate the changes in study resources and mental health over a 3 month period. The results showed that moderate levels of student resources significantly decreased before, followed by a substantial rate of increase during, lockdown. In contrast, study demands and mental health were reported to be moderate and stable throughout the study. Finally, the growth trajectories of study resources–demands and mental health were only associated before the lockdown procedures were implemented. Despite growing concerns relating to the negative psychological impact of COVID-19 on students, our study shows that the mental health during the initial COVID-19 lockdown remained relatively unchanged.
Journal article
Lessons learned on student engagement from the nature of pervasive socio-digital interests and related network participation of adolescents.
Kruskopf, M., Hakkarainen, K., Li, S., & Lonka, K.
Journal of Computer Assisted Learning Pages 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12506
Abstract
The rise of modern socio-digital technologies has fundamentally changed the everyday environments in which young people communicate with each other and cultivate interests. To gain a more sophisticated understanding of this phenomenon, this study provides in-depth, qualitative insights into adolescents' experiences of their socio-digital developmental ecologies. The 15 interview participants were recruited based on a previously conducted questionnaire. The semi-structured theme interview addressed the socio-digital aspects of the participants' interest-driven behaviours and related networks with the aid of participant-generated egocentric maps. The data not only qualitatively enrich the picture on adolescents' friendship- and interest-driven socio-digital participation but also provide new perspectives on the phenomena through the added network-layer of analysis. The youth seem to vary in their motivational profiles related to their participation and the potential relevant psychological background factors for this variation are considered. Educational implications of these results are discussed when it comes to effective student engagement and connected learning.
Journal article
University students’ epistemic profiles, conceptions of learning, and academic performance.
Lonka, K., Ketonen, E. & Vermunt, J.D.
Higher Education Pages 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00575-6
Abstract
University students’ epistemic beliefs may have practical consequences for studying and success in higher education. Such beliefs constitute epistemic theories that may empirically manifest themselves as epistemic profiles. This study examined university students’ epistemic profiles and their relations to conceptions of learning, age, gender, discipline, and academic achievement. The participants were 1515 students from five faculties who completed questionnaires about epistemic beliefs, including a subsample who also completed a questionnaire that included conceptions of learning. We measured epistemic beliefs: reflective learning, collaborative knowledge-building, valuing metacognition, certain knowledge, and practical value. First, we analyzed structural validity by using confirmatory factor analysis. Second, we conducted latent profile analysis that revealed three epistemic profiles: Pragmatic (49%), reflective-collaborative (26%) and fact-oriented (25%). Then, we compared the conceptions of learning across the profiles as well as demographic information, credits, and grades. The profiles’ conceptions of learning varied: The reflective-collaborative group scored high on conception of learning named “construction of knowledge.” Its members were more likely to be females, teachers, and mature students, and they had the highest academic achievement. The fact-oriented group (mostly engineering/science students) scored highest on “intake of knowledge.” The pragmatic group scored highest on “use of knowledge:” During the second year, their academic achievement improved. In sum, the epistemic profiles were closely related to conceptions of learning and also associated with academic achievement.
Journal article
Anabolic-androgenic steroid administration increases self-reported aggression in healthy males: a systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies.
Chegeni, R., Pallesen, S., McVeigh, J., & Sagoe, D.
Psychopharmacology Pages https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05818-7
Abstract
Aggression and irritability are notable psychiatric side effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use. However, no previous study has systematically reviewed and quantitatively synthesized effects reported by experimental studies on this topic. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effect of AAS administration on self-reported and observer-reported aggression. Twelve RCTs comprising a total of 562 healthy males were identified through systematic searches of MEDLINE, PsycInfo, ISI Web of Science, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library. After excluding one outlier, AAS administration was associated with an increase in self-reported aggression under a random-effects model, albeit small (Hedges’ g = 0.171, 95% CI: 0.029–0.312, k = 11, p = .018), and when restricting the analysis to the effect of acute AAS administration on self-reported aggression under a fixed-effect model (g = 0.291, 95% CI: 0.014– 0.524, p = .014). However, the above effects were neither replicated in the analysis of observer-reported aggression nor after restricting the analysis to the effects of the administration of higher (over 500 mg) and long-term (3 days to 14 weeks) doses. The present meta-analysis provides evidence of an increase, although small, in self-reported aggression in healthy males following AAS administration in RCTs. Ecologically rational RCTs are warranted to better explore the effect of AAS administration on aggression in humans.
Journal article
The performance measurement conundrum: Construct validity of the Individual Work Performance Questionnaire in South Africa.
Van der Vaart, L.
South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences Vol 24, Issue 1, Pages a3581. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v24i1.3581
Abstract
Performance remains high on the agenda of both researchers and practitioners, and rigorous measurement is central to evidence-based investigations. Several instruments have been developed to measure performance, of which one – the Individual Work Performance Questionnaire (IWPQ) – seems to be a scientifically rigorous instrument. Despite the growth in IWPQ validation studies, little is known about its psychometric properties in South Africa. The current study seeks to address the construct validity of the IWPQ. The objective was to evaluate the construct (i.e. convergent, discriminant and nomological) validity of the instrument. Information technology professionals were targeted in the current study, and the final sample consisted of 296 employees. Latent variable modelling was performed, using both independent cluster and exploratory structural equation model frameworks, with the mean- and variance-adjusted weighted least squares estimator. The analysis was complemented with the heterotrait-monotrait method. The results supported the construct validity of the instrument. Specifically, individual work performance was found to be a three-dimensional construct with acceptable convergent and discriminant validity. Job resources were also related to the three performance dimensions. The factor structure of the IWPQ mirrors the factor structure found in the literature. Researchers and practitioners can use this instrument in South Africa to identify determinants and consequence of individual work performance, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of performance improvement interventions.
Journal article
Bayesian statistics and modelling.
van de Schoot, R., Depaoli, S., King, R., Kramer, B., Märtens, K., Tadesse, M.G., Vannucci, M., Gelman, A., Veen, D., Willemsen, J., & Yau, C.
Nature Reviews Methods Primers Vol 1, Issue 1, Pages 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-020-00001-2
Abstract
Bayesian statistics is an approach to data analysis based on Bayes’ theorem, where available knowledge about parameters in a statistical model is updated with the information in observed data. The background knowledge is expressed as a prior distribution and combined with observational data in the form of a likelihood function to determine the posterior distribution. The posterior can also be used for making predictions about future events. This Primer describes the stages involved in Bayesian analysis, from specifying the prior and data models to deriving inference, model checking and refinement. We discuss the importance of prior and posterior predictive checking, selecting a proper technique for sampling from a posterior distribution, variational inference and variable selection. Examples of successful applications of Bayesian analysis across various research fields are provided, including in social sciences, ecology, genetics, medicine and more. We propose strategies for reproducibility and reporting standards, outlining an updated WAMBS (when to Worry and how to Avoid the Misuse of Bayesian Statistics) checklist. Finally, we outline the impact of Bayesian analysis on artificial intelligence, a major goal in the next decade.
Journal article
Job insecurity in nursing: A bibliometric analysis.
Prado-Gascó, V., Giménez-Espert, M.d.C., & De Witte, H.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol 18, Issue 663, Pages 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020663
Abstract
Nurses are a key workforce in the international health system, and as such maintaining optimal working conditions is critical for preserving their well-being and good performance. One of the psychosocial risks that can have a major impact on them is job insecurity. This study aimed to carry out a bibliometric analysis, mapping job insecurity in 128 articles in nursing, and to determine the most important findings in the literature. The search was conducted in the Web of Science Core Collection database using the Science Citation Index (SCI)-Expanded and Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) indexes on 6 March 2020. This field of discipline has recently been established and has experienced significant growth since 2013. The most productive and widely cited authors are Denton and Zeytinoglu. The most productive universities are Toronto University, McMaster University, and Monash University. The most productive countries are the United States, Canada, Australia, Finland, and the United Kingdom. The most widely used measure was Karasek’s Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). The main findings report negative correlations with job satisfaction, mental well-being, and physical health. Job insecurity is a recent and little-discussed topic, and this paper provides an overview of the field. This will enable policies to reduce psychosocial risks among nurses to be implemented.
Journal article
The chicken or the egg: The reciprocal relationship between job insecurity and mental health complaints.
Griep, Y., Lukic, A., Kraak, J. M., Bohle, S. A. L., Jiang, L., Vander Elst, T., & De Witte, H.
Journal of Business Research Vol 126, Pages 170-186
Abstract
To push the job insecurity literature forward, we bring together and simultaneously examine multiple theoretical frameworks to explain the direct job insecurity-mental health relationship and the reciprocal mental health-job insecurity relationship. Using 3-wave survey data, with a six-month time lag, from 1994 employees, we found that the stability of job insecurity from Time 1 to Time 2 was positively related to stress and social exchange mechanisms, as well as mental health complaints at Time 3. We also found that the stability of mental health complaints from Time 1 to Time 2 was positively related to the conservation of resources mechanism of absenteeism, as well as to perceptions of job insecurity at Time 3. Moreover, the stability of absenteeism over time was positively related to perceptions of job insecurity at Time 3. We discuss implications for the job insecurity literature, as well as make suggestions for future research and practical implications.
Journal article
Positive organizational interventions: Contemporary theories, approaches and applications.
van Zyl, L. E., Rothmann, S. (Eds.).
Frontiers in Psychology Pages 1-208. https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/10348/positive-organizational-interventions-contemporary-theories-approaches-and-applications
Abstract
Journal article
Living resiliently: The voices of a group of child protection social workers in South Africa.
Truter, E., & Fouché, A.
Health and Social Care in the Community Vol https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13076, Pages 135–144.
Abstract
Child protection social workers (CPSWs) do critical work protecting vulnerable children. Given the demanding nature of this work, CPSWs are reportedly at great risk for negative outcomes, such as burnout and depression. Another outcome is often unsatisfactory service delivery by CPSWs, leaving vulnerable children exposed to continued maltreatment. Understanding how some CPSWs do well, despite the demanding nature of their work, is important to inform future interventions that could potentially promote CPSW resilience and improve CPSW service delivery. While some research on the resilience of CPSWs exists, very little is known about resilience in South African CPSWs. The aim of this qualitative study was to contribute to the ongoing conversation of CPSW resilience, by exploring resilience among CPSWs in Gauteng, South Africa. Participants shared their lived experiences of workplace adversity and resilience. In this paper, we report only on the findings related to their resilience, which was analysed using thematic analysis. Findings reveal that participants’ resilience was informed by a safe and appealing space away from work; drawing strength from religion; relaxation and self-care as healing modalities; a passion for CPSW; the positive influence of personal background; supportive care systems; self-efficacy and personal agency; and a positive outlook. The resilience of these CPSWs, although dependent on supportive and responsive ecologies, was mostly self-directed since they appeared fundamentally accountable to procure support.
Journal article
Occupational risk factors in child protection social work: a scoping review.
Boonzaaier, E., Truter, E., & Fouché, A.
Children and Youth Services Review
Abstract
CPSWs perform critical duties focused on the statutory protection of maltreated children or children at risk of maltreatment. Although some studies on CPSW risks are available, to date, only two (outdated) knowledge syntheses, with some limitations, were recorded. As such, a scoping review based on the framework of Arksey and O’Malley (2005) was conducted to summarize existing studies on CPSW risks and to identify gaps in research associated with risks experienced by CPSWs. Online databases were used to identify papers published between 1990 and April 2020. A total of 47 peer-reviewed studies were included, and analysed thematically within the socio-ecological model. Most studies found that CPSWs experience adversity on an institutional level. Developed themes include: (1) intrapersonal level risks (specific adverse personality traits; being ill-prepared for the job and a personal history of maltreatment); (2) interpersonal level risks (unsupportive colleagues; client attacks on CPSWs, and challenging clients); (3) institutional level risks (discouraging workspaces; detrimental workplace duties and work pressure); (4) community level risks (negative public image of CPSWs; unrealistic expectations placed on CPSWs; uncooperative role players) and (5) policy level risk factors. The subsequent negative impact on CPSWs, CPSW organizations and society are also deliberated. Based on the findings of this review, further empirical research, specifically qualitative studies which explore the lived experiences of CPSWs’ risk need to be conducted to better understand the situation of CPSWs, so as to develop interventions that could reduce risk exposure, potentially leading to more effective service delivery.
Journal article
Applying an agent-based model to simulate just-in-time support for keeping users of elearning courses motivated.
Scholten, M.R., Kelders, S.M., van Gemert-Pijnen, J., & Steenbeek, H.
Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences Vol 24, Issue 4, Pages 403-429
Abstract
Persuasive technology can support users of self-paced eLearning 15 courses during critical moments of low motivation. Agent-based models (ABMs) 16 – a relatively unfamiliar phenomenon within the persuasive technology and 17 eLearning domains- offers a potentially relevant methodology to understand 18 when the support should be delivered. Using ABMs, the dynamics of 19 motivational user states can be simulated. Subsequently, emerging user patterns 20 can be traced that can potentially provide insight in the ebb and flow of 21 motivation. For the purpose of this study, we designed an exploratory ABM on 22 motivation based on the mental energy notion of which the foundations can be 23 found both within the literature of motivational psychology and agent-based 24 modeling. During the simulations we succeeded in generating moments of 25 critically low user motivation. In addition, we were able to simulate the positive 26 impact of external user support at those critical moments. These results suggest 27 that it is plausible to put further energy in developing ABM models with the 28 ultimate goal of feeding persuasive technology with the ability to deliver just-in29 time user support during eLearning
Journal article
Exploring meaning in life through a brief photo-ethnographic intervention using Instagram: a Bayesian growth modelling approach
van Zyl, L.E., Zondervan-Zwijnenburg, M.A.J., Dickens, L.R. & Hulshof, I.L.
International Review of Psychiatry Vol 32, Issue 7-8, Pages 723-745, https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2020.1809357
Abstract
The 4th Industrial Revolution has provided several digital platforms through which to disseminate scalable and cost-effective interventions (e.g. Apps and Social media). Instagram, a popular
visual-ethnographic social media platform, could be employed to implement and scale interventions aimed at aiding individuals in discovering meaning in life and gratitude through capturing
and reflecting upon photographs of meaningful moments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of a brief photo-ethnographic meaningful-moments intervention
aimed at enhancing wellbeing (life satisfaction) and managing common mental health problems (stress/depression/anxiety) through Instagram. A 41 treatment-only intervention
design was used to assess the immediate and long-term changes in meaning, gratitude, life satisfaction, and depression/stress/anxiety. Within-person development on the subscales was evaluated with Bayesian level and shape models. The results showed significant improvements in all factors directly after the intervention. Over the long term, significant changes with baseline measures for the presence of meaning, appreciation for others, and life satisfaction was found. Participants also reported a significant but small change in depression over the long term. Instagram could therefore be an interesting tool to consider when the aim is to enhance wellbeing and manage common mental health problems in the short-, medium- and long-term.
Journal article
An assessment of servant leadership in a power utility.
Heyns, M.M., McCallaghan, S., & Newton, D.
Journal of Local Government Research and Innovation Vol 1, Issue a18, Pages 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4102/jolgri.v1i0.18
Abstract
The South African power utility is facing several challenges with regards to providing sustainable electricity to consumers. The power utility is also currently not demonstrating adequate efficiency or productivity, with high levels of leadership turnover. The aim was to assess servant leadership, including features of servant leadership in the power utility. The assessment also aimed at examining gender and age group perspectives in order to obtain a better understanding of servant leadership in the specific business unit of the power utility. A specific business unit of the South African power utility which is situated in the Free State Province. A quantitative cross-sectional study collected 771 responses from a convenience sample. Respondents completed measures of servant leadership. Statistical analysis included descriptive, reliability, validity and ANOVA calculations. Servant leadership opinions indicate a lack of servant leadership features within the sample. Male respondents reported higher opinions with regards to stewardship, whilst statistical and practical differences were observed when comparing servant leadership across age groups. Literature indicates servant leadership can be a worthy contributor towards productivity and efficiency. The power utility has struggled to demonstrate adequate opinions of servant leadership and would require a well-formulated and well-implemented leadership development plan.
Journal article
Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT): Development, validity and reliability.
Schaufeli, W., Desart, S. & De Witte, H.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol 17, Issue 24(9495), Pages 1-21
Abstract
This paper introduces a new definition for burnout and investigates the psychometric properties of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT). In a prior qualitative study, 49 practitioners were interviewed about their conceptualization of burnout (part 1). Using a dialectical approach, four core dimensions—exhaustion, mental distance, and impaired emotional and cognitive impairment—and three secondary dimensions—depressed mood, psychological distress, and psychosomatic complaints—emerged, which constitute the basis of the BAT. In the second study, the psychometric characteristics of the BAT were investigated in a representative sample of 1500 Flemish employees, focusing on factorial validity, reliability, and construct validity, respectively. Results demonstrate the assumed four-factor structure for the core dimensions, which is best represented by one general burnout factor. Contrary to expectations, instead of a three-factor structure, a two-factor structure was found for the secondary dimensions. Furthermore, the BAT and its subscales show adequate reliability. Convergent validity and discriminant validity with other burnout measures—including the MBI and OLBI—was demonstrated, as well as discriminant validity with other well-being constructs, such as work engagement and workaholism.
Journal article
Child protection and resilience in the face of COVID-19 in South Africa: A rapid review of C-19 legislation.
Fouche, A., Fouche, D.F., & Theron, L.C.
Child Abuse and Neglect Vol 110, Issue 104710, Pages 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104710
Abstract
Background & purpose: In response to the COVID-19 (C-19) pandemic, the South African government instituted strict lockdown and related legislation. Although this response was well intended, many believed it advanced children’s vulnerability to abuse and neglect. This article interrogates these concerns. It investigates how C-19 legislation enabled, or constrained, South African children’s protection from abuse and neglect and appraises the findings from a social-ecological resilience perspective with the aim of advancing child protection in times of emergency. Method: The authors conducted a rapid review of the legislation, directives and regulations pertaining to South Africa’s strict lockdown (15 March to 31 May 2020). They searched two databases (SA Government platform and LexisNexus) and identified 140 documents for potential inclusion. Following full-text screening, 17 documents were reviewed. Document analysis was used to extract relevant themes. Findings: The regulations and directives that informed South Africa’s strict lockdown offered three protective pathways. They (i) limited C-19 contagion and championed physical health; (ii) ensured uninterrupted protection (legal and statutory) for children at risk of abuse; and (iii) advanced social protection measures available to disadvantaged households. Conclusion: C-19 legislation has potential to advance children’s protection from abuse and neglect during emergency times. However, this potential will be curtailed if C-19 legislation is inadequately operationalised and/or prioritises physical health to the detriment of children’s intellectual, emotional, social and security needs. To overcome such risks, social ecologies must work with legislators to co-design and co-operationalise C-19 legislation that will not only protect children, but advance their resilience.
Journal article
Similar or different? Profiling the unemployed from selected communities in South Africa based on their experience of unemployment.
Putter, I. G., Van der Vaart, L., De Witte, H., Rothmann, S., & Van den Broeck, A.
South African Journal of Psychology
Abstract
Unemployment has negative consequences for individuals’ psychological well-being. Consequently, interventions should be designed and implemented to alleviate the psychological burden of unemployment. The design of these interventions should, however, be approached with care, as ‘the unemployed’ may not be a homogeneous group. The aim of the study was to determine whether the four already identified (the optimists, the desperate, the discouraged, and the adapted) South African unemployment profiles could be replicated in other unemployed communities in South Africa. The study also aimed to examine the associations between these profiles and negative emotions and basic psychological need frustration. To establish the replicability of the types, a multiphased sampling design was followed to recruit 867 unemployed people residing in Boipatong and Orange Farm in the Gauteng Province in South Africa. Through latent profile analysis, the study replicated the four profiles: the optimists, the desperate, the discouraged, and the adapted. The profiles were differentially associated with negative emotions and psychological need frustration, further attesting to the validity of the profiles. The results of the study can be applied towards creating tailored interventions for the different types of unemployed people from South African communities to enhance the efficacy of these interventions.
Journal article
An exploration of key human resource practitioner competencies in a digitally transformed organisation.
Van den Berg, M.J., Stander, M.W., & Van der Vaart, L.
South African Journal of Human Resource Management Vol 18, Pages a1404. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v18i0.1404
Abstract
Orientation: Digital transformation lies at the heart of what has been termed the Fourth Industrial Revolution, and many researchers consider this as one of the most significant drivers of change in the area of human resource management. For this reason, organisations and human resource practitioners (HRPs) are encouraged to re-evaluate their roles to ensure that they are able to impact the business performance. Research purpose: This study reflects upon the potentially unique competency requirements of the HRP in a digitally transformed organisation by exploring the perceptions of the line partner. Motivation for the study: Digitalisation is transforming the roles of HRPs. Consequently, HRPs may need a different set of competencies. Despite the transformation and the associated change in competency requirements, little knowledge exists regarding the HRP competencies needed (especially in digitally transformed organisations). Research approach/design and method: The researcher identified 43 senior line partners through a purposive sampling procedure to participate in semi-structured interviews. Nineteen participants completed the interview process. The researcher analysed the interview data using thematic analysis. Main findings: The main themes are the ability to design, extract, understand, analyse, interpret and apply information (data); continuous learning; stakeholder relationship management; and cultivating positive organisational practices. Practical/managerial implications: The exploration of competencies provides organisations with additional context in terms of the complexity of the environment for the HRP, and provides a model that can be utilised for talent management. Contribution/value-add: This study contributes to the limited knowledge regarding HR competencies in digitally transformed organisations, especially from the perspective of line partners.
Journal article
Linking the fit between achievement goal orientation and learning opportunities with employee well-being and absenteeism.
Van Dam, A., Noordzij, G., & Born, M.
Journal of Personnel Psychology Vol 19, Issue 4, Pages 184–196. https://doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000260
Abstract
We examined the effects of a (mis)match between learning opportunities and individuals’ mastery goal orientation (GO; approach and avoidance) on well-being (i.e., job satisfaction, task enjoyment, need for recovery, and absenteeism). Data from a sample of 212 employees of an organization that provides guardianship for youngsters were collected and analyzed by means of polynomial regression and surface plot analysis. Our results indicate that a person’s mastery GO enhances the positive effects of perceived learning opportunities. Hence, to foster employee well-being, organizations should not only provide ample learning opportunities but also foster a mastery GO. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Journal article
Third culture kids, their diversity beliefs and their intercultural competences.
de Waal, M.F., Born, M.Ph., Brinkmann, U., & Frasch, J.J.F.
International Journal of Intercultural Relations Vol 79, Pages 177-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.09.002
Abstract
Positive diversity beliefs are known to increase the effectiveness of diverse groups in organizations and society. Early cross-cultural experiences might facilitate developing these diversity beliefs. This study examined the relationship between being a third-culture kid (TCK) and one’s diversity beliefs, and the possible mediation of this relationship by intercultural competences. Data came from 1454 respondents, 17–19 years of age, who filled out the Intercultural Readiness Check (IRC) between 2011 and 2016 (49.1 % female, 50.9 % male). 65.0 % of the respondents had specified their nationality as Dutch, and 35.0 % had indicated a different nationality. 550 respondents (37.8 %) had spent one or more years abroad and were thus classified as TCKs. Their diversity beliefs were compared to 904 respondents (62.2 %) who had never lived abroad, and who therefore were classified as non-TCKs. A mediated regression analysis showed that TCKs had higher positive diversity beliefs than non-TCKs, and that this relationship was mediated by the degree to which they had developed specific intercultural competences, being intercultural sensitivity and building commitment. These findings show that early cross-cultural life experiences help individuals to develop intercultural competences and positive diversity beliefs. Equipped with these competences and beliefs, TCKs can add value to organizations and society.
Journal article
Authoritarianism and social dominance predict annual increases in generalized prejudice.
Osborne, D., Satherley, N., Little, T.D., & Sibley, C.G.
Social Psychological and Personality Science
Abstract
Although right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) are the two most studied individual difference correlates of prejudice, debate remains over their status as enduring constructs that precede generalized prejudice. We contribute to this discussion using 10 annual waves of longitudinal data from a nationwide random sample of adults to investigate the stability and temporal precedence of RWA, SDO, and prejudice among members of an ethnic majority group (Ns = 23,383–47,217). Results reveal high wave-to-wave rank-order stability for RWA, SDO, and generalized prejudice. Adjusting for their between-person stability, RWA and SDO predicted within-person increases in generalized prejudice. Results replicated when predicting (a) prejudice toward three specific minority groups (namely, Maori, Pacific Islanders, and Asians) and (b) anti-minority beliefs. These findings demonstrate that RWA and SDO are highly stable over 10 consecutive years and that they independently precede within-person annual increases in generalized prejudice and anti-minority beliefs.
Journal article
Are schools alienating digitally engaged students? Longitudinal relations between digital engagement and school engagement.
Hietajärvi, L., Lonka, K., Hakkarainen, K., Alho, K., & Salmela-Aro, K.
Frontline Learning Research Vol 8, Issue 1, Pages 33-55. https://doi.org/10.14786/flr.v8i1.437
Abstract
This article examined digital learning engagement as the out-of-school learning component that reflects informally emerging socio-digital participation. The gap hypothesis proposes that students who prefer learning with digital technologies outside of school are less engaged in traditional school. This hypothesis was approached from the framework of connected learning, referring to the process of connecting self-regulated and interest-driven learning across formal and informal contexts. We tested this hypothesis with longitudinal data. It was of interest how digital engagement, operationalized as a general digital learning preference, wish for digital schoolwork, and their interaction, is related to traditional school engagement. This was examined both cross-sectionally in three time points and longitudinally across three years. The participants were 1,705 (43.7% female) 7th–9th graders (13-15 years old) from 27 schools in Helsinki, Finland. We explored the structure of correlations between latent constructs at each time point separately, and finally, to evaluate longitudinal relations between digital engagement and school engagement we specified latent cross-lagged panel models. The results indicate that students holding a stronger general digital learning preference experienced higher schoolwork engagement, both contemporaneously and over time, indicating successful connected learning. However, the results also showed support for the gap hypothesis: Students who preferred digital learning but did not have the chance to digitally engage at school, experienced a decrease in school engagement over time. The article shows that there is a need to examine the reciprocal interactive processes between the learners and their social ecologies inside and outside school more closely.
Journal article
University students’ epistemic profiles, conceptions of learning, and academic performance.
Lonka, K., Ketonen, E., & Vermunt, J. D.
Higher Education
Abstract
University students’ epistemic beliefs may have practical consequences for studying and success in higher education. Such beliefs constitute epistemic theories that may empirically manifest themselves as epistemic profiles. This study examined university students’ epistemic profiles and their relations to conceptions of learning, age, gender, discipline, and academic achievement. The participants were 1515 students from five faculties who completed questionnaires about epistemic beliefs, including a subsample who also completed a questionnaire that included conceptions of learning. We measured epistemic beliefs: reflective learning, collaborative knowledge-building, valuing metacognition, certain knowledge, and practical value. First, we analyzed structural validity by using confirmatory factor analysis. Second, we conducted latent profile analysis that revealed three epistemic profiles: Pragmatic (49%), reflective-collaborative (26%) and fact-oriented (25%). Then, we compared the conceptions of learning across the profiles as well as demographic information, credits, and grades. The profiles’ conceptions of learning varied: The reflective-collaborative group scored high on conception of learning named “construction of knowledge.” Its members were more likely to be females, teachers, and mature students, and they had the highest academic achievement. The fact-oriented group (mostly engineering/science students) scored highest on “intake of knowledge.” The pragmatic group scored highest on “use of knowledge:” During the second year, their academic achievement improved. In sum, the epistemic profiles were closely related to conceptions of learning and also associated with academic achievement.
Journal article
Motivation across a transition: Changes in achievement goal orientations and academic well-being from elementary to secondary school.
Tuominen, H., Niemivirta, M., Lonka, K., & Salmela-Aro, K.
Learning and Individual Differences Vol 79, Issue 101854, Pages 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2020.101854
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine i) the prevalence of achievement goal orientation profiles among Finnish sixth- and seventh-graders (N = 419), ii) the stability and change in these profiles across the transition from elementary to lower secondary school, and iii) the profile differences in academic achievement (grades) and academic well-being (school engagement and school burnout). Using latent profile analysis, four goal orientation profiles were extracted: indifferent, success-oriented, mastery-oriented, and avoidance-oriented. Latent transition analysis confirmed that these profiles were stably identified over time. There was substantial stability in profiles: being assigned to the same group yielded the highest transition probabilities (0.63–0.75). Likely transitions were from success-oriented to indifferent and from indifferent to avoidance-oriented. Of those who transitioned, the majority moved from more to less favorable profiles. Students who stayed in the mastery-oriented group across the transition displayed the most adaptive pattern of motivation, academic achievement, and well-being.
Journal article
Rasch analysis of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT)
Hadzibajramovic, E., Schaufeli, W., De Witte, H.
Plos One Vol 15, Issue 11, Pages e0242241. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0242241
Abstract
A Rasch analysis of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) Burnout as a concept indicative of a work-related state of mental exhaustion is recognized around the globe. Numerous studies showed that burnout has negative consequences for both individuals and organizations but also for society at large, especially in welfare states where sickness absence and work incapacitation are covered by social funds. This underlines the importance of a valid and reliable tool that can be used to assess employee burnout levels. Although the Maslach Burnout Inventory is by far the most frequently used questionnaire for assessing burnout, it is associated with several shortcomings and has been criticized on theoretical as well as empirical grounds. Thus, there is a need for an alternative questionnaire with a strong conceptual basis and proper psychometric qualities. This challenge has been taken up by introducing the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT), according to which burnout is conceived as a work-related state of exhaustion among employees, characterized by extreme tiredness, reduced ability to regulate cognitive and emotional processes, and mental distancing. Given that the BAT is a new measure of burnout, its psychometric properties need to be evaluated. This paper focuses on an evaluation of the internal construct validity of the BAT using Rasch analysis in two random samples (n = 800, each) drawn from larger representative samples of the working population of the Netherlands and Flanders (Belgium). The BAT has sound psychometric properties and fulfils the measurement criteria according to the Rasch model. The BAT score reflects the scoring structure indicated by the developers of the scale and the BAT’s four subscales can be summarized into a single burnout score. The BAT score also works invariantly for women and men, younger and older respondents, and across both countries. Hence, the BAT can be used in organizations for screening and identifying employees who are at risk of burnout.
Journal article
Child maltreatment in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic: A proposed global framework on research, policy and practice.
Katz, C., Priolo Filho, S.R., Korbin, J., Berubi, A., Fouchem A,, Haffejee, S., Kaawa-Mafigiri, D., Maguire-Jack, K., Munoz. P., Spilsbury, J., Tarabulsy, G., Tiwari, A., Thembekile, D. L., Truter, E., & Varela, N.
Child Abuse and Neglect Pages https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104824
Abstract
Child protection is and will be drastically impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Comprehending this new reality and identifying research, practice and policy paths are urgent needs. The current paper aims to suggest a framework for risk and protective factors that need to be considered in child protection in its various domains of research, policy, and practice during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. From an international collaboration involving researchers and child protection professionals from eight countries, the current paper examines various factors that were identified as playing an important role in the child protection system. Through the use of an ecological framework, the current paper points to risk and protective factors that need further exploration. Key conclusions point to the urgent need to address the protection of children in this time of a worldwide pandemic. Discussion of risk and protective factors is significantly influenced by the societal context of various countries, which emphasizes the importance of international collaboration in protecting children, especially in the time of a worldwide pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has stressed the urgent need to advance both theory and practice in order to ensure children's rights to safety and security during any pandemic. The suggested framework has the potential to advance these efforts so that children will be better protected from maltreatment amidst a pandemic in the future.
Journal article
Occupational stress and its economic cost in Hong Kong: The role of positive emotions.
Siu, O.L., Cooper, C.L., Roll, L.C., & Lo, C.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol 17, Issue 8601, Pages 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228601
Abstract
There has been less research on the costs of occupational stress attributed to certain job stressors in Chinese contexts. This study identified and validated common job stressors and estimated the economic cost in Hong Kong. The role of positive emotions in alleviating the economic costs of job stressors was also examined. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were adopted. The findings obtained from five focus group discussions and a survey validated five common job stressors: Job insecurity; quantitative workload; organizational constraints; interpersonal conflicts; and work/home interface. A total of 2511 employees were surveyed, with 2032 valid questionnaires returned (925 males, 1104 females, and 3 unidentified, whose ages ranged from 18 to 70 years). The economic costs were estimated by combining the costs of absenteeism, presenteeism, and medical expenses. Absenteeism mainly caused by job stressors of the work/home interface, job insecurity, and quantitative workload accounted for an annual economic cost of HK$550 million to HK$860 million. The annual economic cost due to presenteeism mainly caused by job stressors of job insecurity, interpersonal conflict, quantitative workload, and organizational constraints ranged from HK$1.373 billion to HK$2.146 billion. The cost of medical treatments associated with occupational stress was HK$2.889 billion to HK$4.083 billion. Therefore, the total annual economic cost of occupational stress was approximately HK$4.81 billion to HK$7.09 billion. Positive emotions, representing a less explored individual factor in the cost of occupational stress studies, was found to be negatively correlated with presenteeism and buffered the negative impact of job stressors on absenteeism. The theoretical contributions and practical implications of findings are discussed.
Journal article
Editorial: Positive organizational interventions: Contemporary theories, approaches and applications.
van Zyl, L.E. & Rothmann, S.
Frontiers in Psychology Vol 11, Issue 607053, Pages 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.607053
Abstract
Journal article
Will happiness-trainings make us happier? A research synthesis using an online findings-archive.
Bergsma, A., Buijt, I., & Veenhoven, R.
Frontiers in Psychology Vol 11, Issue 1953, Pages 1-32. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01953
Abstract
Most people want to be happy and many look out for opportunities to achieve a more satisfying life. Following a happiness training is an option, but the effectiveness of such training is being questioned. In this research synthesis we assessed: (1) whether happiness training techniques add to the happiness of their users, (2) how much happiness training techniques add to happiness, (3) how long the effect of happiness training lasts, (4) what kinds of training techniques work best, and (5) what types of groups of people profit from taking happiness training. We took stock of the available research and found 61 reports of effect studies on training techniques, which together yielded 179 findings. These findings are available in an online “findings archive,” the World Database of Happiness. Using links to this source allows us to condense information in tabular overviews, while providing the reader with access to much detail. Happiness training techniques seem to do what they are designed to do: 96% of the studies showed a gain in happiness post intervention and at follow-up, about half of the positive results were statistically significant. Studies with cross-sectional designs and studies that used control groups showed more mixed results. The average effect of happiness training was approximately 5% of the scale range. We conclude that taking a form of happiness training is advisable for individuals looking for a more satisfying life. Since happier workers tend to be more productive, organizations would be wise to provide such training techniques for their workforce.
Journal article
Development and validation of the theory-driven School Resilience Scale for adults: Preliminary results.
Morote, R., Anyan, F., Las Hayas C., Gabrielli, S., Zwiefka, A., Gudmundsdottir, D.G., Ledertoug, M.M., Olafsdottir, A.S., Izco-Basurko, I., Fullaondo, A., Mazur, I., Królicka-Deregowska, A., Knoop, H.H., & Hjemdal, O.
Children and Youth Services Review Vol 119, Issue 105589, Pages 1-12
Abstract
Resilience is the ability of an individual or community to adapt to life challenges or adversities while maintaining mental health and well-being. In the multi-systemic resilience paradigm, human development and resilience is embedded in adaptive systems and in their interactions. Although the relationship between school systems and adolescents' mental wellbeing is established, there is no agreement on how to recognize and evaluate the most relevant aspects of the school community, acting at collective level, to boost positive socio-emotional and educational outcomes in children and adolescents. This study presents the development and preliminary validation of a new and theory-driven construct and instrument, the School Resilience Scale for Adults (SRS). School Resilience comprises five interrelated constructs (i.e. Positive relationships, Belonging, Inclusion, Participation, and Mental health awareness) connected theoretically to wellbeing and resilience in children and adolescents. The scale development was theory-driven, and the instrument was tested in four European counties in the frame of the UPRIGHT project (Universal Preventive Resilience Intervention Globally implemented in schools to improve and promote mental Health for Teenagers). Overall, 340 adults participated, 129 teachers and school staff, and 211 relatives of teenagers. The sample was randomly split for two studies: (1) an Exploratory Factor analysis (ESEM), and (2) Confirmatory Factor (CFA) analysis. In the exploratory analysis, Chi-Square difference test and model fit indices point towards the five-factor solution over a three-factor solution. The confirmatory study indicated that a five-factor model (RMSEA = 0.038, CFI = 0.96, TLI = 0.95, SRMR = 0.045) was slightly better than a second-order model (RMSEA = 0.046, CFI = 0.94, TLI = 0.93, SRMR = 0.05). Convergent and discriminant validities were partially demonstrated. Alpha and omega reliability coefficients verified the measurement model of the scale. The results confirmed that a multidimensional construct of School Resilience, defined as a collective resilience factor, embedded in the school staff, family members, and adolescents’ interrelated systems can be characterized and measured. Further studies must determine its role in the promotion of adolescents' resilience, mental wellbeing, educational outcomes, and in their positive adaptation in challenging contexts.
Journal article
Professional workplace-Learning: Can practical wisdom be learned?
Bontemps-Hommen, M.C., Baart, A.J. & Vosman, F.J.
Vocations and Learning Vol 13, Pages 479–501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12186-020-09249-x
Abstract
This article aims at investigating whether physicians can acquire and develop practical wisdom in their practices through structural case discussions focused on learning. Our starting point is that practical wisdom is essential to realize the moral purpose of professional care: to help each individual patient to alleviate her suffering and to promote her health in a way that is attuned to her individual personality and situation. In recent publications on learning practical wisdom after the formal curriculum, we have found two different opinions. Some authors claimed that practical wisdom can only be learned implicitly from experiences in the workplace; others that learning practical wisdom can also be accomplished intentionally in peer groups reflecting on their work. We have analyzed the lessons learned from 100 case reviews, recorded by the participating physicians themselves. The discussions had been organized in a Dutch general hospital during a twelve-year period. We have found that the joint practitioners really did acquire practical wisdom through reflection and deliberation, partly implicitly, partly explicitly. We have also discovered that they managed to translate practical wisdom into the infrastructure and the culture of collaborating groups, practices and the institutional work context. The results of this investigation have led us to formulate proposals to stimulate the learning of practical wisdom through reflection on everyday work in hospitals. Practical wisdom will foster the realization of the moral purpose of professional medical practices.
Journal article
Professional medical discourse and the emergence of practical wisdom in everyday practices: Analysis of a keyhole case.
Bontemps?Hommen, M., Baart, A.J., Vosman, F.J.H.
Health Care Analysis Vol 28, Issue 2, Pages 137-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10728-019-00385-7
Abstract
Recent publications have argued that practical wisdom is increasingly important for medical practices, particularly in complex contexts, to stay focused on giving good care in a moral sense to each individual patient. Our empirical investigation into an ordinary medical practice was aimed at exploring whether the practice would reveal practical wisdom, or, instead, adherence to conventional frames such as guidelines, routines and the dominant professional discourse. We performed a thematic analysis both of the medical files of a complex patient and her daughter’s diary. We did find practical wisdom, but only sporadically, whereas it has proved to be essential for professional care. This deficit appeared to result from several factors like: the organization of the practice; established routines; a hierarchical culture; and a traditional medical discourse. Moreover, we discerned various negative consequences. More empirical research into practical wisdom in everyday medical practices is needed for the benefit of professional and morally good care for every patient.
Journal article
Ways to greater happiness: A Delphi study.
Buettner, D., Nelson, T. & Veenhoven, R.
Journal of Happiness Studies Vol 21, Pages 2789-2806. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00199-3
Abstract
In the first round of this Delphi study 14 experts suggested strategies for improving life satisfaction. In a second round, experts rated these strategies for (a) effectiveness, (b) feasibility and (c) cost-effectiveness. They considered 56 strategies policy makers can use to raise average happiness in a nation and 68 ways in which individuals can raise their own happiness. Experts were informed about the average ratings made by the panel and about the arguments advanced. Then, in a third round, experts made their final judgments. ummed ratings for average effectiveness and feasibility of the strategies ranged between 8.4 and 4.9 on scale 2–10, which means that most of the recommendations were deemed suitable. Agreement was slightly higher on policy strategies than on individual ways to greater happiness. Policy strategies deemed the most effective and feasible are: (1) investing in happiness research, (2) support of vulnerable people and (3) improving the social climate, in particular by promoting voluntary work and supporting non-profits. Individual strategies deemed most effective are: (a) investing in social networks, (b) doing meaningful things and (c) caring for one’s health.
Journal article
Violence prevention accelerators for children and adolescents in South Africa: A path analysis using two pooled cohorts.
Cluver L.D., Rudgard, W.E., Toska, E., Zhou, S., Campeau, L., Shenderovich, Y., Orkin, M., Desmond, C., Butchart, A., Taylor, H., Meinck, F., & Sherr, L.
Plos Medicine Vol 17, Issue 11, Pages e1003383. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003383
Abstract
The INSPIRE framework was developed by 10 global agencies as the first global package for preventing and responding to violence against children. The framework includes seven complementary strategies. Delivering all seven strategies is a challenge in resource-limited contexts. Consequently, governments are requesting additional evidence to inform which ‘accelerator’ provisions can simultaneously reduce multiple types of violence against children. We pooled data from two prospective South African adolescent cohorts including Young Carers (2010–2012) and Mzantsi Wakho (2014–2017). The combined sample size was 5,034 adolescents. Each cohort measured six self-reported violence outcomes (sexual abuse, transactional sexual exploitation, physical abuse, emotional abuse, community violence victimisation, and youth lawbreaking) and seven self-reported INSPIRE-aligned protective factors (positive parenting, parental monitoring and supervision, food security at home, basic economic security at home, free schooling, free school meals, and abuse response services). Associations between hypothesised protective factors and violence outcomes were estimated jointly in a sex-stratified multivariate path model, controlling for baseline outcomes and socio-demographics and correcting for multiple-hypothesis testing using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure. We calculated adjusted probability estimates conditional on the presence of no, one, or all protective factors significantly associated with reduced odds of at least three forms of violence in the path model. Adjusted risk differences (ARDs) and adjusted risk ratios (ARRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were also calculated. The sample mean age was 13.54 years, and 56.62% were female. There was 4% loss to follow-up. Positive parenting, parental monitoring and supervision, and food security at home were each associated with lower odds of three or more violence outcomes (p < 0.05). For girls, the adjusted probability of violence outcomes was estimated to be lower if all three of these factors were present, as compared to none of them: sexual abuse, 5.38% and 1.64% (ARD: ?3.74% points, 95% CI ?5.31 to ?2.16, p < 0.001); transactional sexual exploitation, 10.07% and 4.84% (ARD: ?5.23% points, 95% CI ?7.26 to ?3.20, p < 0.001); physical abuse, 38.58% and 23.85% (ARD: ?14.72% points, 95% CI ?19.11 to ?10.33, p < 0.001); emotional abuse, 25.39% and 12.98% (ARD: ?12.41% points, 95% CI ?16.00 to ?8.83, p < 0.001); community violence victimisation, 36.25% and 28.37% (ARD: ?7.87% points, 95% CI ?11.98 to ?3.76, p < 0.001); and youth lawbreaking, 18.90% and 11.61% (ARD: ?7.30% points, 95% CI ?10.50 to ?4.09, p < 0.001). For boys, the adjusted probability of violence outcomes was also estimated to be lower if all three factors were present, as compared to none of them: sexual abuse, 2.39% to 1.80% (ARD: ?0.59% points, 95% CI ?2.24 to 1.05, p = 0.482); transactional sexual exploitation, 6.97% to 4.55% (ARD: ?2.42% points, 95% CI ?4.77 to ?0.08, p = 0.043); physical abuse from 37.19% to 25.44% (ARD: ?11.74% points, 95% CI ?16.91 to ?6.58, p < 0.001); emotional abuse from 23.72% to 10.72% (ARD: - 13.00% points, 95% CI ?17.04 to ?8.95, p < 0.001); community violence victimisation from 41.28% to 35.41% (ARD: ?5.87% points, 95% CI ?10.98 to ?0.75, p = 0.025); and youth lawbreaking from 22.44% to 14.98% (ARD ?7.46% points, 95% CI ?11.57 to ?3.35, p < 0.001). Key limitations were risk of residual confounding and not having information on protective factors related to all seven INSPIRE strategies.
Journal article
Expert elicitation for latent growth curve models: The case of posttraumatic stress symptoms development in children with burn Injuries.
Veen, D., Egberts, M.R., van Loey, N.E.E. & van de Schoot, R.
Frontiers in Psychology Vol 11, Issue 1197, Pages 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01197
Abstract
Experts provide an alternative source of information to classical data collection methods such as surveys. They can provide additional insight into problems, supplement existing data, or provide insights when classical data collection is troublesome. In this paper, we explore the (dis)similarities between expert judgments and data collected by traditional data collection methods regarding the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSSs) in children with burn injuries. By means of an elicitation procedure, the experts’ domain expertise is formalized and represented in the form of probability distributions. The method is used to obtain beliefs from 14 experts, including nurses and psychologists. Those beliefs are contrasted with questionnaire data collected on the same issue. The individual and aggregated expert judgments are contrasted with the questionnaire data by means of Kullback-Leibler divergences. The aggregated judgments of the group that mainly includes psychologists resemble the questionnaire data more than almost all of the individual expert judgments.
Journal article
Outcomes of leader empowering behaviour in a retail organisation.
Redelinghuys, K., Rothmann, S., & Botha, E.
South African Journal of Business Management Vol 51, Issue 1, Pages a1837. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v51i1.1837
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the associations leader empowering behaviour have with person–environment fit, job satisfaction and intention to leave. A cross-sectional survey design was used with a sample (N = 398) of retail employees from Gauteng. The Leader Empowering Behaviour Questionnaire, Job Satisfaction Scale, Perceived Fit Scale and Turnover Intention Scale were administered. Structural equation modelling was performed to assess the study hypotheses. Findings showed that leader empowering behaviour is positively associated with person–environment fit and job satisfaction, whereas it is negatively associated with the intention to leave. When leaders share the right amount of power, information, decisionmaking authority and skills development opportunities with their employees; coach them well; and hold them accountable for controllable outcomes, it should enable them to establish a well-fitted, satisfied and committed workforce. Studies assessing leader empowering behaviour as an antecedent of person–environment fit have been scarce.
Journal article
Authentic leadership, organisational citizenship behaviour and intention to leave: The role of psychological capital.
Sepeng, W., Stander, M.W., Van der Vaart, L. & Coxen, L.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 46, Issue 0, Pages a1802. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v46i0.1802
Abstract
The orientation of the study was towards psychological capital (PsyCap) as a mediator of the influence authentic leadership (AL) has on organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) and intention to leave. This study aimed to investigate the influence of AL on OCB and intention to leave through PsyCap amongst public healthcare employees in South Africa. South African public healthcare needs effective leadership that is value based, transparent, supportive and exemplary in behaviour to be efficient and to provide quality service. By exploring the impact of AL and the process through which such a leader influences followers, the study sought to demonstrate that AL may be effective in achieving valued outcomes in the healthcare sector. A quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional survey was used. A sample of 633 public healthcare employees was included in the study. Measuring instruments included the Authentic Leadership Inventory, a shortened version of the Psychological Capital Questionnaire, Organisational Citizenship Behaviour Scale and the PSYCONES’ Intention to Leave Scale. Structural equation modelling was performed to evaluate the hypothesised measurement and structural models by using Mplus. Results indicated that employees’ perceptions of their leaders as authentic has an effect on OCB and intention to leave through PsyCap. Organisations should implement leadership development programmes that are relationally focussed and should strive to develop employees’ PsyCap. Providing more insight into the influence of authentic leadership on follower organisational citizenship behaviour and intent to leave as well as the role that psychological capital plays in these relationships.
Journal article
Coping styles and coping resources in the work stressors–workplace bullying relationship: A two-wave study.
Van den Brande, W., Baillien, E., Vander Elst, T., De Witte, H.& Lode Godderis
Work and Stress Vol 34, Issue 4, Pages 323-341, https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2019.1666433
Abstract
This study investigated coping styles and coping resources in the relationship between work stressors and exposure to workplace bullying. A two-wave survey was conducted (N = 482) to investigate whether T1 emotion-focused coping amplifies the positive lagged relationship from T1 role conflict and role ambiguity to T2 bullying. T1 problem-focused coping was predicted to buffer this relationship. Further, we expected that two coping resources – T1 self-efficacy and optimism – positively relate to T2 problem-focused coping and negatively relate to T2 emotion-focused coping. SEM analysis partially supported the hypotheses: T1 emotion-focused coping amplified the relationship between T1 role conflict and T2 bullying. However, no evidence was found for the buffering role of T1 problem-focused coping. Neither for role ambiguity, a significant moderating role of both problem- and emotion-focused coping was found. Further, T1 self-efficacy was positively related to T2 problem-focused coping, however, unrelated to T2 emotion-focused coping. T1 optimism was unrelated to T2 emotion- or problem-focused coping. This study advances our understanding of the underlying mechanisms in the relationship from work stressors to bullying, particularly highlighting the amplifying role of emotion-focused coping in the relationship between role conflict and bullying. Further, we gained insight in the relationship between self-efficacy and problem-focused coping.
Journal article
Servant leadership, diversity climate and organizational citizenship behaviours at a selection of South African companies.
McCallaghan, S., Jackson, L.T.B., & Heyns, M.M.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 30, Issue 5, Pages 379-383
Abstract
The study examined the mediation effect of diversity climate on the relationship between servant leadership and organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) Participants were a convenience sample of 262 employees from South African financial, industrial, manufacturing, and retail sectors (male = 52 9%; white = 69 3%; postgraduate university degree holders = 35 4%) The employees completed measures for servant leadership, diversity climate, and OCB Simple mediation model analysis using PROCESS indicated servant leadership to improve employees’ perceptions of diversity climate and OCB Perceived servant leadership demonstrated a significant indirect effect on employees’ OCB through diversity climate We conclude that servant leadership symbolises an ethical component that would improve employees’ OCB through a conducive diversity climate.
Journal article
The influence of gender inequality in the development of job insecurity: Differences between women and men.
Menéndez-Espina, S., Llosa, J.A., Agulló-Tomás, E., Rodríguez-Suárez, J., Sáiz-Villar, R., Lasheras-Díez, H.F., De Witte, H., & Boada-Grau, J.
Frontiers in Public Health: Occupational Health and Safety Vol 8, Issue 526162, Pages 1-9, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.526162
Abstract
Job insecurity is an indicator of precarious work that refers to the fear of losing one’s job. It is a relevant source of stress, with negative consequences on people’s mental health. The main objective and contribution of this study is to identify how gender inequality and job insecurity are related, responding to the lack of consensus found in scientific literature in this field of study. To do so, a predictive study of job insecurity, broken down by gender, is developed, considering sociodemographic and labor variables as antecedents. The sample included 1,005 employees (420 men and 585 women) aged between 18 and 65, and a linear regression was conducted for each group. Results show that women perceive greater insecurity under precarious working conditions (temporary work, informal work, salary cuts, tenure), whereas in the case of men variables related to their professional careers (job category, education) and household incomes were relevant predictors. It is concluded that job insecurity affects both gender groups, but the conditions in which this perception grows are significantly impacted by gender inequality. These findings will allow for holistic and effective actions to decrease the effects of precarious work.
Journal article
Work pressure, emotional demands and work performance among information technology professionals in South Africa
Dos Santos Tome, J., & Van der Vaart, L.
South African Journal of Human Resource Management Vol 18, Issue 0, Pages a1362. https://doi. org/10.4102/sajhrm. v18i0.1362
Abstract
Technological advancements are occurring at a rapid rate, and individuals working in information technology (IT) often work under challenging and emotionally demanding circumstances. Also, there is a shortage of IT professionals, and organisations have difficulty retaining them. These circumstances may result in exhaustion and depersonalisation that have negative consequences for the work performance of the remaining IT professionals. This research aimed to investigate the relationships between work pressure, emotional demands, exhaustion, depersonalisation, task performance and counterproductive work behaviour among IT professionals within South Africa. Research on the individual work performance of IT professionals, specifically in South Africa, is limited in number and scope. In this study, a quantitative approach was used to collect cross-sectional data from a convenience sample of 296 IT professionals in South Africa. Results from structural equation modelling (SEM) indicated that emotional demands and depersonalisation impacted task performance positively and negatively, respectively. Depersonalisation positively impacted counterproductive work behaviour, and work pressure positively impacted exhaustion. Organisations should aim to create awareness of IT professionals experiencing emotional demands, work pressure and depersonalisation as there are consequences for these behaviours. Beyond awareness creation, management should design and implement interventions to optimise emotional demands and to minimise work pressure and depersonalisation. The study contributes to the limited literature on IT professionals’ work performance within a South African context by providing insights on the role exhaustion and depersonalisation play (or the lack thereof) in explaining the effect of work demands on individual work performance.
Journal article
Exploring meaning in life through a brief photo-ethnographic intervention using Instagram: a Bayesian growth modelling approach.
van Zyl, L.E., Zondervan-Zwijnenburg, M.A.J., Dickens, L.R., & Hulshof, I.L.
International Review of Psychiatry Vol https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2020.1809357
Abstract
The 4th Industrial Revolution has provided several digital platforms through which to disseminate scalable and cost-effective interventions (e.g. Apps and Social media). Instagram, a popular visual-ethnographic social media platform, could be employed to implement and scale interventions aimed at aiding individuals in discovering meaning in life and gratitude through capturing and reflecting upon photographs of meaningful moments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of a brief photo-ethnographic meaningful-moments intervention aimed at enhancing wellbeing (life satisfaction) and managing common mental health problems (stress/depression/ anxiety) through Instagram. A 4X1 treatment-only intervention design was used to assess the immediate and long-term changes in meaning, gratitude, life satisfaction, and depression/stress/ anxiety. Within-person development on the subscales was evaluated with Bayesian level and shape models. The results showed significant improvements in all factors directly after the intervention. Over the long term, significant changes with baseline measures for the presence of meaning, appreciation for others, and life satisfaction was found. Participants also reported a significant but small change in depression over the long term. Instagram could therefore be an interesting tool to consider when the aim is to enhance wellbeing and manage common mental health problems in the short-, medium- and long-term.
Journal article
Positive deviant unemployed individuals: Survivalist entrepreneurs in marginalised communities.
Du Toit, M., De Witte, H., Rothmann, S., & Van den Broeck, A.
South African Journal of Business Management Vol 51, Issue 1, Pages a1627. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v51i1.1627
Abstract
This exploratory study aimed to provide a description of the experiences and perceptions of survivalist entrepreneurs in under-resourced communities. These survivalist entrepreneurs perceived themselves as ‘temporary’ entrepreneurs. They engaged in entrepreneurial ventures, whilst actively searching for secure formal employment. Qualitative interviews were conducted with four informal survivalist microenterprise entrepreneurs (ISM-E entrepreneurs). Narratives relating to their experiences and perceptions of their environment, community and government support and their experience of owning a microenterprise in an impoverished community were analysed inductively. Fourteen themes were identified and were grouped under two broad topics, namely the characterisation of the entrepreneur and the surrounding setting of the ISM-E entrepreneur. The discussion of the findings was presented in a positive deviance framework. It was proposed that the ingenuity and strengths of these ISM-E entrepreneurs be acknowledged and that their positive discourses be cultivated and encouraged in order to inspire unemployed people around them. These ISM-E entrepreneurs could, ideally, point social scientists to possible context-appropriate solutions to the huge unemployment challenge experienced in disadvantaged communities. This study addresses a knowledge gap pertaining to the exploration of micro-entrepreneurship in under-resourced communities within a positive deviance framework.
Journal article
Job demands and job resources and well-being of judges in South Africa.
Rossouw, E. & Rothmann, S.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 46, Issue 0, Pages a1801. https://doi. rg/10.4102/sajip.v46i0.1801
Abstract
Orientation: Research has been conducted regarding job demands, job resources and well- being of individuals in a variety of jobs. However, no studies have focused on the work experiences of judges in an African context. Research purpose: This study aimed to explore job demands and job resources, and the effects thereof, on the well-being of judges in South Africa. Motivation for the study: Some stressors and demands that judges face are universal. However, the situation in each country, division and type of court differs, and thus the factors affecting judges’ well-being also vary. Research approach/design and method: The research employed an exploratory study design. South African judges (n = 25) from various courts of different jurisdictions participated in this qualitative study. Semi-structured interviews were used to gather data. Conformability was established by using the ATLAS.ti 8 software program. Main findings: The results showed that job resources such as autonomy, positive relationships with senior judges and opportunities for training and development, contributed to judges’ flourishing. Despite job demands such as work pressure and time constraints, emotional demands and hassles experienced at work, judges generally chose to use the available opportunities for well-being to reach their goals, to feel good and to function well at work. Some judges, however, noted that their heavy workload and limited time contributed to their stress and burnout. Practical/managerial implications: Interventions should be employed to alleviate the job demands of judges whilst increasing their job resources at the same time. This will boost their flourishing. Contribution/value-addition: This study adds to scientific knowledge regarding the job demands, job resources and flourishing of judges in the South African context.
Journal article
Investigating the relation among disturbed sleep due to social media use, school burnout, and academic performance.
Evers, K., Chen, S., Rothmann, S., Dhir, A., & Pallesen, S.
Journal of Adolescence Vol 84, Pages 156-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.08.011
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed the significant influence of electronic devices, especially social media use, on sleep difficulties among adolescents. In this study, disturbed sleep due to social media use (DSSM) was defined as reduced or troubled sleep caused by nighttime-specific behaviors such as waking to check updates, being notified by incoming messages, or postponed bedtime because of social media activities. Inadequate and disturbed sleep during youth interferes with daytime academic efficiency and may be associated with school burnout, which were examined in this study. Using two data waves collected from questionnaires on school burnout and DSSM and school test scores of 2462 Taiwanese middle school students (52.5% males) from various school types with average ages of 13.9 (SD = 0.72) and 14.3 (SD = 0.66) at Time 1 and Time 2, we investigated the relationship between the variables across time. DSSM, academic performance, and school burnout were significantly correlated. Crosslagged analyses to the group of adolescents with higher than the average DSSM scores revealed that burnout predicted lower academic achievements through DSSM as a mediator. Burnout did not have a direct effect on school performance but influenced the latter through disturbed sleep. Poor academic achievement in its turn showed a feedback effect on higher levels of burnout. This research reveals a vicious cycle of burnout, disturbed sleep, and academic achievement. During adolescence, school burnout through DSSM increase can lead to a lower academic performance that may later cause even higher burnout.
Journal article
Blue-enriched white light improves performance but not subjective alertness and circadian adaptation during three consecutive simulated night shifts.
Sunde, E., Pedersen, T., Mrdalj, J., Thun, E., Grønli, J., Harris, A., Bjorvatn, B., Waage, S., Skene, D.J., & Pallesen, S.
Frontiers in Psychology Vol 11, Pages 2172. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02172
Abstract
Use of blue-enriched light has received increasing interest regarding its activating and performance sustaining effects. However, studies assessing effects of such light during night work are few, and novel strategies for lighting using light emitting diode (LED) technology need to be researched. In a counterbalanced crossover design, we investigated the effects of a standard polychromatic blue-enriched white light (7000 K; ?200 lx) compared to a warm white light (2500 K), of similar photon density (?1.6 × 1014 photons/cm2/s), during three consecutive simulated night shifts. A total of 30 healthy participants [10 males, mean age 23.3 (SD = 2.9) years] were included in the study. Dependent variables comprised subjective alertness using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, a psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) and a digit symbol substitution test (DSST), all administered at five time points throughout each night shift. We also assessed dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO) before and after the night shifts, as well as participants’ opinion of the light conditions. Subjective alertness and performance on the PVT and DSST deteriorated during the night shifts, but 7000 K light was more beneficial for performance, mainly in terms of fewer errors on the PVT, at the end of the first- and second- night shift, compared to 2500 K light. Blue-enriched light only had a minor impact on PVT response times (RTs), as only the fastest 10% of the RTs were significantly improved in 7000 K compared to 2500 K light. In both 7000 and 2500 K light, the DLMO was delayed in those participants with valid assessment of this parameter [n = 20 (69.0%) in 7000 K light, n = 22 (78.6%) in 2500 K light], with a mean of 2:34 (SE = 0:14) and 2:12 (SE = 0:14) hours, respectively, which was not significantly different between the light conditions. Both light conditions were positively rated, although participants found 7000 K to be more suitable for work yet evaluated 2500 K light as more pleasant. The data indicate minor, but beneficial, effects of 7000 K light compared to 2500 K light on performance during night work. Circadian adaptation did not differ significantly between light conditions, though caution should be taken when interpreting these findings due to missing data. Field studies are needed to investigate similar light interventions in real-life settings, to develop recommendations regarding illumination for night workers.
Journal article
Factors associated with teachers’ use of inclusive teaching practices among in-service teachers.
Schwab, S., & Alnahdi, G.H.
Journal of Special Needs Education Pages 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-3802.12492
Abstract
Applying the ‘theory of planned behaviour’ to teachers’ actions in the classroom, it can be assumed that teachers’ positive attitudes towards inclusive education and high self?efficacy beliefs result in an increased use of inclusive teaching practices. However, scientific evidence for this assumption is lacking. This study aimed to investigate factors influencing teachers’ use of inclusive teaching practices. In total, 221 (188 female and 33 male) Austrian in?service teachers participated. Participants filled out the attitudes towards inclusion scale (AIS), the Teacher Efficacy for Inclusive Practices Scale (TEIP) and the teacher version of the Inclusive Teaching Practices Scale (ITPS?T). Results showed that teachers had high self?perceptions towards their use of inclusive teaching practices; compared with secondary school, primary school teachers reported using more inclusive teaching practices; there was no difference between expert and novice teachers; teachers’ attitudes and self?efficacy were associated with inclusive teaching practices; and self?efficacy predicted teachers’ use of inclusive teaching practices.
Journal article
Work beliefs, work-role fit, and well-being of judges in South Africa: Effects on intention to leave and organisational citizenship behaviour.
Rossouw, E., & Rothmann, S.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 30, Issue 4, Pages 277–288, https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2020.1777032
Abstract
This study explored work beliefs, work-role fit, well-being, intention to leave, and organisational citizenship behaviour in a sample of judges in South Africa. We employed an exploratory, multi-method design to survey South African judges (n = 25 for the qualitative study and n = 28 for the quantitative study). Findings from qualitative analyses indicated that most judges were flourishing in their roles, with a strong calling orientation to their work. The judges perceived serving the public, making a difference to people’s lives, and contributing to justice as more rewarding than financial compensation. Results following multidimensional scaling indicated two work-related well-being dimensions; namely subjective well-being versus behavioural intention, and fitting in and doing good versus discontented withdrawal. Concerning fitting in and doing good, work-role fit among the judges was strongly related to organisational citizenship behaviour Regarding discontented withdrawal, judges’ intentions to leave was strongly related to reduced emotional well-being. The findings imply that both dimensions of work-related well-being are relevant to the optimal functioning and retention of judges.
Journal article
Parent-figures and adolescent resilience: an African perspective
Theron, L. & Van Rensburg, A.
International Journal of School and Educational Psychology Vol 8, Issue 2, Pages 90-103. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683603.2019.1657994
Abstract
This article’s purpose is directed by three, previously unanswered questions. First, which parent-figures (i.e., biological and social parents), if any, do adolescents from two disadvantaged communities in South Africa identify when they explain the process of their personal resilience? Second, do rural and urban adolescents report the same parent-figures? Third, how do these parent-figures champion resilience and in what ways (if any) does context influence this championship? To answer these questions, we (the authors) conducted a deductive, secondary data analysis of visual and narrative data generated by two samples of adolescents. The rural sample (n = 133; average age 16) included 82 girls and 51 boys. The urban sample (n = 385; average age 14) included 225 girls and 160 boys. More rural adolescents included parent-figures in their resilience accounts, but rural and urban adolescents reported the same parent-figures. In general, parent-figures facilitated adolescent access to material resources; co-regulated adolescent behavior in culturally- and contextually-relevant ways; and offered comfort. Rural/urban locality and the sex of the adolescent nuanced how parent-figures co-regulated adolescent behavior. These results compel attention to the resilience of parent-figures and prompt three practice-related implications for educational/school psychologists who wish to champion the resilience of African adolescents.
Journal article
Parenting, mental health and economic pathways to prevention of violence against children in South Africa.
Cluver, L, Steinert, J, Meinck, F, Doubt, J, Ward, C, Parra-Cardona, R, Lombard, C, Lachman, J, Wittesaele, C, Shenderovich, Y, Wessels, I & Gardner, F.
Social Science and Medicine Vol 262, Issue 113194, Pages 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113194
Abstract
Background: Parenting programs based on social learning theory have increasing empirical evidence for reducing violence against children. Trials are primarily from high-income countries and with young children. Globally, we know little about how parenting programs work to reduce violence, with no known studies in low or middle-income countries (LMICs). This study examines mechanisms of change of a non-commercialized parenting program, Parenting for Lifelong Health for Teens, designed with the World Health Organization and UNICEF. A cluster randomized trial showed main effects on parenting and other secondary outcomes. We conducted secondary analysis of trial data to investigate five potential mediators of reduced violence against children: improved parenting, adolescent behaviour, caregiver mental health, alcohol/drug avoidance, and family economic strengthening. Methods: The trial was implemented in rural South Africa with 40 sites, n = 552 family dyads (including adolescents aged 10–18 and primary caregivers). Intervention sites (n = 20) received the 14-session parenting program delivered by local community members, including modules on family budgeting and savings. Control sites (n = 20) received a brief informational workshop. Emotional and physical violence against children/adolescents and each potential mediator were reported by adolescents and caregivers at baseline and 9–13 months post-randomisation. Structural equation modelling was used to test simultaneous hypothesized pathways to violence reduction. Results: Improvements in four pathways mediated reduced violence against children: 1) improved parenting practices, 2) improved caregiver mental health (reduced depression), 3) increased caregiver alcohol/drug avoidance and 4) improved family economic welfare. Improved child behaviour was not a mediator, although it was associated with less violence. Conclusions: Simultaneously bolstering a set of family processes can reduce violence. Supporting self-care and positive coping for caregivers may be essential in challenging contexts. In countries with minimal or no economic safety nets, linking social learning parenting programs with economic strengthening skills may bring us closer to ending violence against children.
Journal article
The multiple faces of practical wisdom in complex clinical practices: An empirical exploration.
Bontemps-Hommen, M., Vosman, F., & Baart, A.
Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice Vol 26, Pages 1034–1041. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.13119
Abstract
Rationale, aims, and objectives: In recent publications, attention has been drawn to the importance of practical wisdom in order to ensure good, individually attuned care in complex clinical practices. However, what remains insufficiently elucidated is how practical wisdom emerges in the workplace. This study aims to describe manifestations of practical wisdom in medical practices within a general hospital. It also seeks to clarify the interruptions that can be considered as triggers for the emergence of practical wisdom. Furthermore, we searched for figurations, which possibly elicit or constrain the emergence of practical wisdom. Methods: We used 10 thick descriptions of very distinct patient cases to carry out an explorative qualitative heuristic in?depth analysis. Results: These varied cases enabled us to describe diverse manifestations of practical wisdom; in addition, we were able to discern 10 different “interruptions” that triggered practical wisdom, and finally, we hypothesize that certain infrastructural figurations might facilitate the manifestation of practical wisdom. Conclusions: We found that practical wisdom frequently emerged in unexpected and diverse guises in these clinical practices, although the “interruptions” that we discovered did not automatically trigger practical wisdom. We have investigated the figurations mentioned only to a limited degree. More empirical research is needed to make the philosophical concept of practical wisdom better manageable for clinical practices and to gain better understanding of the figurations that elicit or obstruct its manifestation.
Journal article
Authentic leadership, psychological empowerment, role clarity and work engagement in a South African mining organization.
Towsen, T., Stander, M.W., & Van der Vaart, L.
Frontiers in Psychology Vol 11, Issue 1973 , Pages 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01973
Abstract
Employees in the mining sector are faced with a demanding work environment due to external challenges impacting on the organization. Optimizing their engagement is vital in weathering a demanding environment. The aim of this study was to (a) position authentic leadership (AL) and psychological empowerment (PE) as enablers of work engagement (WE); (b) to investigate the processes (i.e., PE) through which AL exerts its effect on WE, and (c) to determine whether contextual factors [i.e., role clarity (RC)] influenced this process. A cross-sectional research design was employed to collect data from 236 employees employed by a coal-mining organization within South Africa. The AL inventory, PE questionnaire, measures of role conflict and ambiguity questionnaire, and UWES-9 was administered to collect data. A moderated-mediation investigation was employed to test the hypotheses. Results supported the value of AL to enhance WE, both directly and indirectly via PE. Results also concluded that AL exerts its influence on WE through PE, regardless of employees’ levels of RC. AL literature is limited, not only in the South African context but also in the mining sector. The study not only extends AL literature by investigating its outcomes in a South African mining organization, but it also does so by investigating the boundary conditions under which AL exerts its influence. The boundaries (i.e., moderation) within which leadership-subordinate relationships (i.e. mediation) function are often neglected in favor of simplified investigations of mediation processes only.
Journal article
The data representativeness criterion: Predicting the performance of supervised classification based on data set similarity
Schat, E., Van den Schoot, R., Kouw, W. M., Veen, D., & Mendrik, A. M
Plos One Vol 15, Issue 8, e0237009., Pages 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237009
Abstract
In a broad range of fields it may be desirable to reuse a supervised classification algorithm and apply it to a new data set. However, generalization of such an algorithm and thus achieving a similar classification performance is only possible when the training data used to build the algorithm is similar to new unseen data one wishes to apply it to. It is often unknown in advance how an algorithm will perform on new unseen data, being a crucial reason for not deploying an algorithm at all. Therefore, tools are needed to measure the similarity of data sets. In this paper, we propose the Data Representativeness Criterion (DRC) to determine how representative a training data set is of a new unseen data set. We present a proof of principle, to see whether the DRC can quantify the similarity of data sets and whether the DRC relates to the performance of a supervised classification algorithm. We compared a number of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data sets, ranging from subtle to severe difference is acquisition parameters. Results indicate that, based on the similarity of data sets, the DRC is able to give an indication as to when the performance of a supervised classifier decreases. The strictness of the DRC can be set by the user, depending on what one considers to be an acceptable underperformance.
Journal article
Exploring guided imagery and music as a well-being intervention: A systematic literature review.
Jerling, P.A., & Heyns, M.M.
Nordic Journal of Music Therapy Vol 29, Issue 4, Pages 371-390. https://doi.org/10.1080/08098131.2020.1737185
Abstract
Guided Imagery and Music (GIM) is a method of music therapy that works on various levels, using receptive music to explore the psyche of the client for growth and transformation. This systematic literature review seeks evidence that GIM has an influence on the well-being of the client. A specific aim was to explore a possible relationship between GIM and positive psychology. A five-step protocol for systematic reviews guided the process. Peer-reviewed articles and unpublished dissertations were reviewed. Both group and individual GIM studies were included. Studies were assessed for risk of bias and outcomes of well-being and related variables were identified and discussed. Initially, 337 peer-reviewed articles and unpublished dissertations were identified. Only 14 studies met the inclusion criteria. Participant numbers varied from 6 to 61. The population groups included cancer, stroke and rheumatoid arthritis patients, patients with mental health diagnoses, substance use disorder and healthy adults. Various concepts related to positive psychology that were studied included wellbeing, sense of coherence, resilience, efficacy and confidence. Various measuring tools were used across the studies, even when measuring the same concept. The outcomes of the studies on various population groups were positive including e.g. improved well-being, quality of life, mood states and sense of coherence. Evidence is promising that GIM interventions have a positive effect on the well-being of clients who seek help for various conditions. Further research is needed to find whether positive outcomes and experiences in GIM could be framed within the positive psychology context.
Journal article
Thriving under uncertainty: The effect of achievement goal orientation on job insecurity and flourishing.
Van Dam, A., Noordzij, G., & Born, M.
Social Indicators Research Vol 150, Pages 659–678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02337-4
Abstract
Flourishing, a construct encompassing optimal human functioning, is an indicator of well-being. The purpose of this study was to examine the direct and indirect effects of employees’ achievement goal orientation (mastery-approach, mastery-avoidance, performance-approach and performance-avoidance goal orientation) on flourishing, through the appraisal of quantitative (concerns about continued existence of the job) and qualitative (concerns about continued existence of important job features) job insecurity. Data were collected from 275 employees in an organization on the brink of a substantive downsizing. The results of structural equation modelling showed that mastery approach and -avoidance goal orientation positively predicted flourishing. Furthermore, flourishing was negatively predicted by qualitative job insecurity but not by quantitative job insecurity. Qualitative job insecurity mediated the effects of mastery- and performance-approach goal orientation on flourishing but the effects were not significant. Hence, in an environment with a substantial threat of job loss, a mastery goal orientation contributed directly to flourishing. Our results plead for more attention for the effects of achievement goal orientation and qualitative job insecurity on flourishing under uncertainty.
Journal article
The influence of subjective financial well-being on South African risk tolerance.
Dickason-Koekemoer, Z., Myeza, N.S., & Ferreira, S.J.
Gender and Behavior Journal Vol 18, Issue 2, Pages 15372-15381
Abstract
Financial risk tolerance is defined as the highest level of uncertainty an individual is willing to take during a financial decision. Previous studies found that financial risk tolerance can be influenced by age, gender, marital status, and ethnic groups. Therefore, it is important to analyse the influence of demographic factors on financial risk tolerance as it influences the investment decisions of South African investors and their financial well-being. Financial well-being is defined as a state of being financially free and being able to meet present and future standard of living desires. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the financial risk tolerance of South African investors is influenced by their subjective financial well-being. South African investment companies can use this study as a prediction tool to use on their client base in order to assume their risk tolerance levels, and if possible, improve their financial well-being depending on their demographics. The results from the study indicates that African, female investors between 35-49 years who are not married and have high financial well-being are willing to invest in high risk portfolios as they indicated higher levels of risk tolerance.
Journal article
The implementation and evaluation of the South African adaptation of the JOBS program.
Paver, R., De Witte, H., Rothmann, S. Van den Broeck, A., & Blonk, R.W.B.
Frontiers in Psychology Vol 11, Issue 1418, Pages 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01418
Abstract
No validated intervention that specifically addresses the psychosocial needs of unemployed people exists in the South African context. This study intends to evaluate an evidence-based job-search program, called the JOBS intervention, that is aimed at the self-efficacy, amotivation, and self-esteem related to participants searching for jobs. A quasi-experimental research design was used. Convenient samples were taken of unemployed individuals from two low-income communities (N = 130; experimental group = 69; control group = 61). The Qhubekela Phambili program, which is based on the JOBS program, was adapted for the South African context and was implemented over six 4-h sessions. Data collection took place pre- and post-intervention. One-way repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Those who had undergone the intervention showed statistically significantly higher levels of job-search self-efficacy and self-esteem. This study makes a novel contribution to the literature on the JOBS program, particularly regarding developing countries. This study showed that in a context characterized by poverty and a lack of support for the unemployed, the program also delivered promising results. It confirms previous findings that the JOBS program is suitable in a variety of labor market and economic conditions.
Journal article
Experiences, attitudes and behaviours of the unemployed: The role of motivation and psychological needs.
Van der Vaart, L., Van den Broeck, A., Rothmann, S., & De Witte, H.
Psychological Reports Vol 123, Issue 4, Pages 1117-1144 https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294119849020
Abstract
Alleviating the psychological burden of unemployment and preventing the unemployed from withdrawing from the labor market remains a priority for unemployment researchers and practitioners alike. Job search motivation and the differential relationships with experienced psychological need satisfaction (and need frustration) potentially induce different well-being (i.e., experiences), attitudinal outcomes (i.e., employment commitment), and behavioral outcomes (i.e., job search intensity) in unemployment. This study examined if job search motivation relates to the experiences, attitudes, and behavior of the unemployed over time through basic need satisfaction and frustration. In a two-wave study (nT1 461; nT2 244), the results demonstrated that job search motivation has no relationship with the affective experiences, attitudes toward employment, and job search behavior over time. It also showed that only controlled motivation and amotivation were significantly related to need frustration. Finally, only psychological need satisfaction, and not the frustration of their needs, was significantly related to affective experiences over time. The implications for unemployment and self-determination theory research are discussed, and recommendations for practitioners are made.
Journal article
The Happiness Route: Finding alternatives to the problem-based approach in social work for vulnerable groups
Weiss, L. A., & Westerhof, G. J.
Journal of Positive Psychology Issue https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2020.1789713
Abstract
The Happiness Route is a positive psychology intervention (PPI) for lonely people with health problems and low socio-economic status with the aim to improve their well-being. To be able to pursue an intrinsically motivated activity, participants received a budget of €500. A randomized controlled trial showed that the intervention was just as effective as the problem-based control condition, but participants were more satisfied with the Happiness Route. An interview study indicated that individuals change in different ways, showing that one size does not fit all. Lessons learned during the implementation are shared, such as the importance of the project leader, the role of the intermediaries to reach the target group and the role of autonomy-support in the training of counsellors. We conclude that a PPI can be used as a complement to the traditional focus on problems and can bring more balance into the care for the most vulnerable people.
Journal article
Evidence for cultural variability in right-wing authoritarianism factor structure in a politically-unstable context.
Vilanova, F., Costa, A.B., Cantal, C., Milfont, T., & Koller, S.H.
Social Psychological and Personality Science Vol 11, Issue 5, Pages 658-666. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619882038.
Abstract
Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) has been a central explanatory concept and predictor of sociopolitical and intergroup attitudes over the last decades. Research indicates RWA is formed by the subdimensions of authoritarianism, traditionalism, and conservatism. The objective of this study was to assess the cross-cultural validity of this three-factor model in a politically unstable context where an alternative factor model was observed. Data from four Brazilian samples (N = 1,083) were assessed to test whether a four-factor model (with conservatism split) identified in Brazil recently was better fitting than the three-factor model. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and 3-year longitudinal evidence confirmed the four-factor model is the best RWA structure in the Brazilian context and that only the pro-trait conservatism items indexing submission to authority have adequate psychometric properties. Implications for future RWA propositions are discussed.
Journal article
Understanding behavioral finance and life satisfaction among South African investors.
Dickason-Koekemoer, Z., & Ferreira, S.
Asia-Pacific Social Science Review Vol 20, Issue 1, Pages 135-144
Abstract
The concept of behavioral finance is becoming more recognized in the financial and investment environment. The concept of behavioral finance implies that investors do not necessarily make rational investment decisions. It argues that investment decisions are often influenced by emotional or other non-rational factors, leading to irrational investment choices. The study aimed to figure out how investors among different age categories make investment decisions based on behavioral finance biases and their level of life satisfaction. Behavioral finance biases seem to be largely responsible for this deviation in investment decisions. Investors among all age categories tend to have representativeness bias. Older investors were also found to be more satisfied with their life than younger investors.
Journal article
Mental health, work engagement and meaningful work-role fit of industrial psychologists: A latent profile analysis.
van Zyl, L.E., Rothmann, S. & Nieman, C.
Psychological Studies Vol 65, Issue 2, Pages 199–213, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-019-00544-9
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify distinctive mental health profiles for industrial psychologists based on the Mental Health Continuum. Further, it aimed to determine how these profiles differ with respect to work-role fit, meaningfulness and work engagement. It also aimed to investigate whether industrial psychologists within managerial or specialist differ in respect of different types of mental health. An online cross-sectional survey design was employed to draw a census sample (n = 274) from all South African industrial psychologists. A biographical questionnaire, the Work-Role Fit Scale, the Psychological Meaningfulness Scale, the Work Engagement Scale, and the Mental Health Continuum–Short Form were administered. Descriptive statistics, correlations, latent profile analysis, MANOVAs and ANOVAs were computed. Three mental health profiles for industrial psychologists were identified: languishing, moderately mentally healthy and flourishing. Significant differences between the three mental health profiles and experiences of meaningful work-role fit and work engagement were found, but not between experiences of managerial roles. The results show that individuals with different mental health profiles, experience work and its related outcomes, differently. Therefore, in order to enhance meaningful work-role fit and work engagement of industrial psychologists, a one-size-fits-all model may not be appropriate.
Journal article
Validation and measurement invariance of the Multidimensional Qualitative Job Insecurity Scale.
Brondino, M., Bazzoli, A., Vander Elst, T., De Witte, H., & Pasini, M.
Quality and Quantity Vol 54, Pages 925-942
Abstract
Job insecurity is a work stressor with many negative consequences for the individual as well as the organization. However, currently, little is known about why job insecurity is related to these outcomes. In the present study, actual turnover was investigated as a possible consequence of job insecurity. Additionally, rumination about a possible job loss (i.e., the act of intensified thinking about the future of the job) was investigated as an explanatory mechanism. Relationships were tested using longitudinal data from a sample of 699 Belgian employees. Results of structural equation modeling analyses show that job insecurity was related to turnover 1 year later. This relationship was mediated by rumination about job insecurity. Actual turnover was investigated over time as a potential consequence of job insecurity, compared to many studies that used turnover intention as a proxy to predict actual turnover. Moreover, a job insecurity specific mechanism, namely, rumination about job insecurity, was studied, which increased our understanding of how job insecurity develops into its consequence.
Journal article
The indirect effect of servant leadership on employee attitudes through diversity climate in selected South African organisations.
McCallaghan, S., Jackson, L., & Heyns, M.
South African Journal of Human Resource Management Vol 18, Pages a1297. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v18i0.1297
Abstract
Organisations are continuously diversifying their workforces and require information on how to benefit from positive diversity-related outputs. Servant leadership might provide a solution to improve diversity-related outputs. Literature proposes that servant leadership, diversity climate and employee outputs are related; yet, literature is silent on how these observations would operate in a transitional environment where organisations are intentionally attempting to correct inherited workforce imbalances. The study examined indirect effects of diversity climate on the relationship between servant leadership and employee attitudes. Examinations of the indirect effects of diversity climate are limited. A quantitative approach with cross-sectional design collected 230 responses from a convenience sample. Respondents completed assessments for servant leadership, diversity climate, organisational commitment, job satisfaction and intention to quit. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, correlational analysis and three independent mediation models. Servant leadership and diversity climate are positively associated with organisational commitment, job satisfaction, and non-intention to quit. Servant leadership demonstrated a direct effect on diversity climate, organisational commitment, job satisfaction and non-intention to quit. Diversity climate had a positive impact on organisational commitment. Servant leadership demonstrated an indirect effect on organisational commitment via diversity climate. The improvement of organisational commitment cannot only rely on servant leadership; a conducive diversity climate is also required. The examination contributes towards limited diversity climate research with evidence of the indirect capacity of diversity climate.
Journal article
How job insecurity affects political attitudes: Identity threat plays a role.
Selenko, E., & De Witte, H.
In M. Coetzee, I.L. Potgieter, & N. Ferreira (Eds.), Psychology of retention: Theory, research and practice
Abstract
Journal article
Exploring the prevalence of workplace flourishing amongst teachers over time.
Redelinghuys, K., & Rothmann, S.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 46, Issue 0, Pages a1764. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v46i0.1764
Abstract
Research indicates that teachers are more vulnerable to work-related stress, psychological distress and burnout than many other occupational groups. Despite these hindrances, and against all odds, some teachers are able to feel and function well at work. As positive teacher functioning is an achievable objective, it is important that more studies focus on the positive aspects associated with teacher functioning. The aim of this was to determine whether workplace flourishing is non-static in nature and that employees’ functioning levels may fluctuate positively or negatively over time.
Studies predominantly looked at workplace flourishing from a cross-sectional viewpoint. This is problematic, as it provides little information on how employee well-being develops over time.
A longitudinal survey design was used with 202 secondary school teachers. The Flourishing-at-Work Scale and Turnover Intention Scale were administered. A series of analyses (confirmatory factor analysis, longitudinal measurement invariance, cross-tabulations) were performed to achieve the study objectives. The results showed that teachers experienced notable changes in their classification categories (non-flourishing vs. flourishing) over time and that these changes were related to their intention to leave. Because of the impact workplace flourishing may have on individual performance and retention, it is important for organisations to continuously monitor their employees’ levels of functioning. This study results should offer new insights into how employee well-being develops over time, the complexity of individual uniqueness and evidence for individualising well-being interventions.
Journal article
The long and winding road to happiness: A randomized controlled trial and cost-effectiveness analysis of a positive psychology intervention for lonely people with health problems and a low socio-economic status.
Weiss, L.A., Oude Voshaar, M.A.H., Bohlmeijer, E.T., & Westerhof, G.J.
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes Vol 18, Issue https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-020-01416-x
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the positive psychology intervention ‘Happiness Route’ compared to an active control condition in a vulnerable population with an accumulation of health and psychosocial problems. We conducted a randomized, single-blind, actively-controlled, parallel group study in seven municipalities in the Netherlands. To be eligible, participants had to experience loneliness, health problems and low socio-economic status. Each group received several home visits by a counsellor (two in the control condition, two to six in the experimental condition). In the Happiness Route, a happiness-based approach was used, whereas the control condition used a traditional problem-based approach. The primary outcome was well-being, measured with the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF). Fifty-eight participants were randomized to the Happiness Route, 50 to the control condition. Participants were severely lonely, had on average three health problems and less than 5% had paid work. The total MHC-SF score, emotional and social well-being, depression and loneliness improved significantly over the nine-month period in both conditions (p < .05), but there were no significant changes between the conditions across time. Languishing decreased significantly from 33% at baseline to 16% at follow-up among the Happiness Route participants but did not change significantly in the control condition. No significant improvement over time was found in psychological well-being, resilience, purpose in life, health-related quality of life and social participation. Cost-effectiveness analysis showed that expected saved costs per QALY lost was €219,948 for the Happiness Route, relative to the control condition. The probability was 83% that the Happiness Route was cost saving and 54% that the Happiness Route was cost-effective at a willingness to accept a threshold of €100,000. Mental health status of both groups improved considerably. However, we could not demonstrate that the Happiness Route yielded better health outcomes compared to the control condition. Nevertheless, the results of the cost-effectiveness analysis suggested that the Happiness Route is an acceptable intervention from a health-economic point of view. Our results should be viewed in light of the fact that we could not include the planned number of participants.
Journal article
Bringing engagement to eHealth: A systematic scoping review on the concept and components of engagement in different domains.
Kelders, S.M., Van Zyl., L.E. & Ludden, G.D.S.
Frontiers in Psychology Vol 11, Pages 926. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00926
Abstract
Within the context of eHealth interventions, a shared understanding of what constitutes engagement in and with eHealth technologies is missing. A clearer understanding of engagement could provide a valuable starting point for guidelines relating to the design and development of eHealth technologies. Given the cross-disciplinary use of the term “engagement,” investigating how engagement (and its components) is conceptualized in different domains could lead to determining common components that are deemed important for eHealth technological design. As such, the aim of this paper was 3-fold: (a) to investigate in which domains engagement features, (b) to determine what constitutes engagement in these different domains, and (c) to determine whether there are any common components that seem to be important. A comprehensive systematic scoping review of the existing literature was conducted in order to identify the domains in which engagement is used, to extract the associated definitions of engagement, and to identify the dimensionality or components thereof. A search of five bibliographic databases yielded 1,231 unique records. All titles, abstracts, and full texts were screened based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. This led to 69 articles being included for further analyses. The results showed that engagement is used in seven functional domains, categorized as follows: student (n = 18), customer (n = 12), health (n = 11), society (n = 10), work (n = 9), digital (n = 8), and transdisciplinary (n = 1) domains. It seems that some domains are more mature regarding their conceptualization and theorizing on engagement than others. Further, engagement was found to be predominantly conceptualized as a multidimensional construct with three common components (behavior, cognition, and affective) shared between domains. Although engagement is prolifically used in different disciplines, it is evident that little shared consensus as to its conceptualization within and between domains exists. Despite this, engagement is foremost seen as a state of being engaged in/with something, which is part of, but should not be confused with, the process of engagement. Behavior, cognition, and affect are important components of engagement and should be specified for each new context.
Journal article
The retrospective pretest–posttest design redux: On its validity as an alternative to traditional pretest–posttest measurement.
Little, T.D., Chang, R., Gorrall, B.K., Waggenspack, L., Fukuda, E., Allen, P.J., & Noam, G.G.
International Journal of Behavioral Development Vol 44, Issue 2, Pages 175-183. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025419877973
Abstract
We revisit the merits of the retrospective pretest–posttest (RPP) design for repeated-measures research. The underutilized RPP method asks respondents to rate survey items twice during the same posttest measurement occasion from two specific frames of reference: “now” and “then.” Individuals first report their current attitudes or beliefs following a given intervention, and next they are prompted to think back to a specific time prior to the given intervention and rate the item again retrospectively. The design addresses many of the validity concerns that plague the traditional pretest–posttest design. Particularly when measuring noncognitive constructs, the RPP design allows participants to gauge the degree of change that they experience with greater awareness and precision than a traditional approach. We review the undesirable features of traditional designs and highlight the benefits of the retrospective approach. We offer examples from two recent, original studies and conclude with the recommendation that the RPP design be employed more broadly. We also conclude with a discussion of important directions for future examination of this design.
Journal article
Positive psychological coaching definitions and models: A systematic literature review.
Van Zyl, L. E., Roll, L. C., Stander, M. W., & Richter, S.
Frontiers in Psychology Vol 11, Issue 793 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00793
Abstract
Despite the popularity of the term Positive Psychological Coaching within the literature, there is no consensus as to how it should be defined (framed) or what the components of a positive coaching “model” should include. The aim of this systematic review was to define positive psychological coaching and to construct a clear demarcated positive psychological coaching model based on the literature. A systematic literature review led to the extraction of 2,252 records. All records were screened using specific inclusion/exclusion criteria, which resulted in the exclusion of records based on duplicates (n = 1,232), titles (n = 895), abstracts (n = 78), and criteria violations (n = 23). Twenty-four academic, peer-reviewed publications on positive psychological coaching were included. Data relating to conceptual definitions and coaching models/phases/frameworks were extracted and processed through thematic content analysis. Our results indicate that positive psychological coaching can be defined as a short to medium term professional, collaborative relationship between a client and coach, aimed at the identification, utilization, optimization, and development of personal strengths and resources in order to enhance positive states, traits and behaviors. Utilizing Socratic goal setting and positive psychological evidence-based approaches to facilitate personal growth, optimal functioning, enhanced wellbeing, and the actualization of people’s potential. Further, eight critical components of a positive psychological coaching model were identified and discussed. The definition and coaching process identified in this study will provide coaches with a fundamental positive psychological framework for optimizing people’s potential.
Journal article
Thriving under uncertainty: The effect of achievement goal orientation on job insecurity and flourishing.
Van Dam, A., Noordzij, G., & Born, M.
Social Indicators Research Issue doi 10.1007/s11205-020-02337-4
Abstract
Flourishing, a construct encompassing optimal human functioning, is an indicator of well-being. The purpose of this study was to examine the direct and indirect effects of employees’ achievement goal orientation (mastery-approach, mastery-avoidance, performance-approach and performance-avoidance goal orientation) on flourishing, through the appraisal of quantitative (concerns about continued existence of the job) and qualitative (concerns about continued existence of important job features) job insecurity. Data were collected from 275 employees in an organization on the brink of a substantive downsizing. The results of structural equation modelling showed that mastery approach and -avoidance goal orientation positively predicted flourishing. Furthermore, flourishing was negatively predicted by qualitative job insecurity but not by quantitative job insecurity. Qualitative job insecurity mediated the effects of mastery- and performance-approach goal orientation on flourishing but the effects were not significant. Hence, in an environment with a substantial threat of job loss, a mastery goal orientation contributed directly to flourishing. Our results plead for more attention for the effects of achievement goal orientation and qualitative job insecurity on flourishing under uncertainty.
Journal article
Social workers and recovery from stress.
Van Dam, A., Noordzij, G., & Born, M.
Journal of Social Work
Abstract
Recovery from stress is essential for employees’ well-being, even more so in jobs where high stress is inevitable. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of achievement goal orientation on recovery from stress (i.e. need for recovery and vigour) over several years. We followed a sample of social workers in the Netherlands (N = 238) across four years, with three measurement points (T1–T3). Data were analysed with latent growth curve modelling. Results showed that need for recovery and vigour were fairly stable over time and therefore we could not examine the effects of achievement goal orientation on change in vigour and need for recovery over time. However, level of mastery goal orientation (mastery-approach and mastery-avoidance goal orientation) at T1 was positively related to the initial level of vigour at T1, even after controlling for job autonomy and workload. Our results indicate that mastery goal orientation is relevant for employees to feel energetic and vital in a job with high stress. Our results showed that organizations can prevent depletion among social workers by ensuring an acceptable workload, while vigour can be enhanced by selecting employees with high mastery goal orientation. Organizations can also contribute to the vitality of social workers by stimulating and fostering mastery goal orientation.
Journal article
Predicting a distal outcome variable from a latent growth model: ML versus Bayesian estimation.
Smid, S. C., Depaoli, S., & Van De Schoot, R.
Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal Vol 27, Issue 2, Pages 169-191. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2019.1604140
Abstract
Latent growth models (LGMs) with a distal outcome allow researchers to assess longer-term patterns, and to detect the need to start a (preventive) treatment or intervention in an early stage. The aim of the current simulation study is to examine the performance of an LGM with a continuous distal outcome under maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian estimation with default and informative priors, under varying sample sizes, effect sizes and slope variance values. We conclude that caution is needed when predicting a distal outcome from an LGM when the: (1) sample size is small; and (2) amount of variation around the latent slope is small, even with a large sample size. We recommend against the use of ML and Bayesian estimation with Mplus default priors in these situations to avoid severely biased estimates. Recommendations for substantive researchers working with LGMs with distal outcomes are provided based on the simulation results.
Journal article
Well-being of judges: A review of quantitative and qualitative studies.
Rossouw, E., & Rothmann, S.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 46, Issue a1759., Pages https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v46i0.1759
Abstract
Research regarding the well-being of judges is essential given the effects thereof on their work and contextual performance. This study aimed to review qualitative and quantitative empirical studies on the well-being of judges. Because of the limited availability of empirical studies on this topic, research in only five countries was included. The state of judges’ well-being may affect, among others, their decision-making ability and their decorum in court. A scoping review was used to synthesise research evidence on the well-being of judges. Relevant literature was searched using computerised databases, covering the period from January 2008 to May 2018. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Using the ATLAS.ti 8 programme for qualitative data analysis, the data were extracted from 11 articles. A variety of job demands, such as judges’ heavy workloads and time constraints, emotional demands of their work, negative work-home interference and their safety concerns, had a negative effect on their well-being. Despite the stressors and occupational demands to which judges were subjected, some judges experienced high levels of well-being because of, inter alia, the autonomy they had over certain aspects of their work, the nature of their work and positive relationships with their colleagues. Interventions should be employed to address stressors and job demands, as well as job resources that affect judges’ well-being. This study adds to scientific knowledge vis-à-vis the well-being of judges.
Journal article
Teacher efficacy predicts teachers’ attitudes towards inclusion: A longitudinal cross-lagged analysis.
Savolainen, H., Malinen, O., & Schwab, S.
International Journal of Inclusive Education Pages https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2020.1752826
Abstract
Over the past decades, an abundance of studies have assessed teacher attitudes and self-efficacy beliefs related to inclusive education. However, empirical evidence on the causal relationship between efficacy and attitudes is still rare and inconclusive. Therefore, the present study focused on identifying the interdependent relationship between teachers’ attitudes and their self-efficacy beliefs using a cross-lagged panel design path analysis. A total of 1326 teachers from Finish schools participated in an electronic survey. Teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs were assessed five times and attitudes (attitudes and concerns subscale) three times over three years. The outcomes indicated that both constructs are relatively stable over the measured period. Moreover, self-efficacy had a positive effect over time on both types of attitudes but not vice versa. This cross-lagged relationship was stronger between efficacy and concerns. These results were similar between male and female respondents and between novice and expert teachers. This implies that increasing teacher efficacy for inclusive practices is likely to change their attitudes toward positive direction. Implications for developing inclusive education and teacher education are discussed.
Journal article
Job insecurity and subsequent actual turnover: Rumination as a valid explanation?
Richter, A., Vander Elst, T., & De Witte, H.
Frontiers in Psychology Vol 11, Pages 72, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00712
Abstract
Job insecurity is a work stressor with many negative consequences for the individual as well as the organization. However, currently, little is known about why job insecurity is related to these outcomes. In the present study, actual turnover was investigated as a possible consequence of job insecurity. Additionally, rumination about a possible job loss (i.e., the act of intensified thinking about the future of the job) was investigated as an explanatory mechanism. Relationships were tested using longitudinal data from a sample of 699 Belgian employees. Results of structural equation modeling analyses show that job insecurity was related to turnover 1 year later. This relationship was mediated by rumination about job insecurity. Actual turnover was investigated over time as a potential consequence of job insecurity, compared to many studies that used turnover intention as a proxy to predict actual turnover. Moreover, a job insecurity- specific mechanism—namely, rumination about job insecurity—was studied, which increased our understanding of how job insecurity develops into its consequences.
Journal article
Peer and teacher student relationships and the associations with depression.
Schwab, S., & Rossmann, P.
Educational Studies Vol 46, Issue 3, Pages 302-315
Abstract
The present study focuses on the association between peer integration and the development of depressive symptoms in secondary school students. A sample of 393 7th grade students (194 boys, 199 girls, mean age = 13.38 years, SD = 0.85) was recruited from 25 secondary schools in Austria. Of these students, 34 were diagnosed as having special educational needs. The screening version of the depression questionnaire DTK-II and the subscales “social relationships” and “perceived appreciation by the teacher” from the FEESS 3–4 were used for assessment. Structural equation modeling shows that negative teacher-student relationships predict both poor peer integration and depressive symptoms. Teacher-student relationships in schools have an impact on the peer integration as well as on the mental health of students.
Journal article
People management: Developing and testing a measurement scale.
Knies, E., Leisink, P., & Van de Schoot, R.
International Journal of Human Resource Management Vol 31, Issue 6, Pages 705-737. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1375963
Abstract
The central concept in this study is people management, referring to line managers’ implementation of HR practices and their leadership behaviour oriented at supporting the employees they supervise at work. In this study we conceptualize people management and develop a multidimensional scale to measure it from the perspectives of both employees and line managers. Using a Study 1/Study 2 design, including two-wave multilevel data from employees and line managers of a financial service provider, and cross-sectional data from teachers, educational support staff, and supervisors, we demonstrate the scale’s reliability and multidimensionality across samples and over time. We provide evidence of the convergent validity by showing that employees’ and line managers’ perceptions of people management are significantly related, and that people management is significantly related to transformational and transactional leadership. Also, we demonstrate that people management adds explained variance above and beyond transformational and transactional leadership in predicting team performance. We demonstrate criterion-related validity through people management’s relationship with job satisfaction, commitment, and work engagement. We discuss the implications of our measure for theory and research on people management, its antecedents, and its effects.
Journal article
A conceptual model of the influence of South African investor well-being on risk tolerance
Masenya, R.W., & Dickason-Koekemoer, Z.
Cogent Economics & Finance Vol 8, Issue 1, Pages 1738809. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2020.1738809
Abstract
Financial institutions have the responsibility to measure an investor’s risk tolerance to determine his or her risk profile. Once an investor’s risk profile is determined, financial institutions are able to more accurately identify which financial products are suitable for the investor. Several factors can affect one’s level of risk tolerance such as investor well-being. The aim of this study is to construct a structural equation model which depicts the influence of South African investor well-being risk tolerance. Secondary data analysis was used to conduct a quantitative research study. Structural equation modelling techniques were applied during the analysis of the data. The main findings suggest the following: (i) risk tolerance has a positive and statistically significant relationship with investor well-being; (ii) financial well-being has a positive and statistically significant relationship with satisfaction with life; and (iii) financial well-being, physical activity, gender, and income respectively have positive and statistically significant relationships with risk tolerance. Satisfaction with life was not found to have a statistically significant impact on risk tolerance.
Journal article
Parents’ attitudes towards inclusive education and their perceptions of inclusive teaching practices and resources.
Paseka, R., & Schwab, S.
European Journal of Special Needs Education Vol 35, Issue 2, Pages 254-272. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2019.1665232
Abstract
Inclusive education often refers to a school model wherein students with special needs (SEN) spend most of their school time with students without special needs. According to literature, for the implementation of inclusion, the attitudes towards inclusive education as well as the perception of inclusive teaching practices and resources are important factors. Within this paper, these three aspects are examined from the parents’ view. Data from a representative nationwide German survey (JAKO-O) in which 2000 parents participated was investigated. The data was collected using digitally recorded semi-structured telephone interviews. Descriptive results showed that parents’ attitudes towards the inclusion of a student with a physical disability or learning disability were rather positive, while the attitudes towards students with behavioural disorders or mental disabilities were rather neutral. According to the teaching practices, parents, whose children attend an inclusive class (with at least one student with SEN in the class) perceive more inclusive practices (e.g. teachers recognise the students’ strengths and support them) compared to parents whose children attend a regular class (where not a single student with SEN is included). However, no differences concerning resources are perceived by parents with children attending either inclusive or regular classes. Further, results of regression analysis indicate that the predictors for parents’ attitudes towards inclusive education depend on the specific type of disability.
Journal article
Understanding behavioral finance and life satisfaction among South African investors.
Dickason-Koekemoer, Z., & Ferreira, S.
Asia-Pacific Social Science Review Vol 20, Issue 1, Pages 135–144
Abstract
The concept of behavioral finance is becoming more recognized in the financial and investment environment. The concept of behavioral finance implies that investors do not necessarily make rational investment decisions. It argues that investment decisions are often influenced by emotional or other non-rational factors, leading to irrational investment choices. The study aimed to figure out how investors among different age categories make investment decisions based on behavioral finance biases and their level of life satisfaction. Behavioral finance biases seem to be largely responsible for this deviation in investment decisions. Investors among all age categories tend to have representativeness bias. Older investors were also found to be more satisfied with their life than younger investors.
Journal article
A non-parametric analysis on the impact of technical DFI support on SMME development: Evidence from the Gauteng Province, South Africa.
De Jongh, J., Ferreira, S. Dickason–Koekemoer, Z., Sunde, T.
Asia-Pacific Social Science Review Vol 20, Issue 1, Pages 1-16.
Abstract
The role of Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) has gained profound significance in their effort of driving the South African economy to a globally recognized developmental state. In light of prevailing lacklustre economic conditions, such as high poverty levels, unemployment rates, and a subdued domestic investment climate, their mandate has far surpassed addressing purely market failures. Modern perspectives have come to characterize their ability to address more broadly the national development failure and their potential to promote SMME development, in particular. The ability to direct financial as well as technical support towards catalyzing venture creation proves to be pivotal drivers for economic revitalization and employment creation. The objective of this research is to analyze the impact of technical DFI support on the development of small, medium, and micro enterprises (SMMEs) in the Gauteng Province in South Africa. The study adopted a quantitative research approach and a pre-post single sample research design. A convenience sampling technique was used to select the sample, which comprised of 365 SMME owners involved in one of the country’s national DFIs’ technical support programs. Data were analyzed through the use of descriptive statistics, including frequency distributions. Furthermore, a non-parametric approach to the analysis through the use of the Wilcoxon Signed-rank test was utilized for a pre-post analysis. The results of the study provide evidence of a substantial impact of technical DFI support towards the development of SMMEs in the province. This was centered around an improvement in financial aspects, including annual turnover, gross fixed asset values, as well as quality assurance of the businesses. Further results revealed noteworthy expansions regarding the businesses’ client base as well as employment figures. Key recommendations towards taking full advantage of the potential of DFI in the enhancement of SMME development include enhanced private-public sector linkages through creating enabling environments. Furthermore, these institutions need to adopt a more local and regional strategic focus, prioritizing assistance towards SMMEs specifically located in geographically disbursed areas.
Journal article
Strength use, training and development, thriving, and intention to leave: the mediating effects of psychological need satisfaction.
Mahomed, F.E., & Rothmann, S.
South African Journal of Psychology Vol 50, Issue 1, Pages 24-38
Abstract
This study investigated the relationships among strength use, training and development, psychological need satisfaction, thriving, and intention to leave of academics in higher education institutions. A cross-sectional survey design was used, with a convenience sample of 276 academic employees from three universities of technology in South Africa. The Strength Use Scale, the High-Performance Human Resource Practices questionnaire, the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale, the Thriving at Work Scale, and the Intention to Leave scale were administered. Strength use had direct effects on autonomy, competence, and relatedness satisfaction of academic employees. Training and development had a direct effect on autonomy satisfaction. Furthermore, autonomy satisfaction, strength use, and training and development had direct effects on thriving, while low autonomy satisfaction and inadequate training and development had direct effects on intention to leave. Strength use, as well as training and development, had indirect effects on thriving and intention to leave via autonomy satisfaction.
Journal article
Marital symbols and the marriage satisfaction and spiritual well-being of BaTswana married women.
Segami, V.B., & Van Eeden, C.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 30, Issue 1, Pages 37-43
Abstract
The study explored marriage satisfaction and spiritual well-being, the association between marital symbols, and the association between marriage satisfaction and spiritual well-being. A convenience sample of BaTswana married women were participants (n = 366; age range = 30–60 years, SD = 16 years). The women completed surveys on the significance of marital symbols (such as lobola and the wedding ring), marital satisfaction, and spiritual well-being. Structural equation modelling of the data revealed marital symbols of lobola and the wedding band to predict marriage satisfaction and spiritual well-being of BaTswana married women. Moreover, the direct statistical pathways between the well-being and marital symbols variables showed that both lobola and the wedding ring were precursors for personal, communal, and transcendental marital satisfaction.
Journal article
Mechanisms in dynamic interplay with contexts in a multigenerational traditional food preparation initiative involving rural South African women.
Chigeza, S., Roos, V., Claasen, N., & Molokoe, K.
Journal of Intergenerational Relationships
Abstract
This study describes the causal powers of mechanisms in dynamic interplay with relevant contexts (socio-cultural historical and interpersonal) by looking at the outcome patterns of a multigenerational food initiative from a critical realist perspective. Heuristic constructs taken from psychological, interactional, and group theories implied in the multigenerational initiative are discussed. Textual data, obtained from women (n = 104) from three generations in rural South Africa in 11 focus group discussions, were analyzed thematically to present outcome patterns. Findings illustrate the transformative potential of mechanisms, their interrelatedness on different levels, and the activation of a deeper level mechanism. Broad guidelines are proposed for sustainable intergenerational initiatives.
Journal article
Towards positive institutions: Positive practices and employees’ experiences in higher education institutions.
Van Rensburg, C.J., & Rothmann, S.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 46, Issue 0, Pages a1733
Abstract
Positive organisational functioning is a paradox. Both positive and negative tendencies could enable positive functioning. While an overemphasis on either the positive or the negative aspect is dysfunctional, positive factors must be given extra emphasis for positivity to occur because negativity usually dominates. This study aimed to investigate how positive organisational practices relate to job demands and resources, person–environment fit and well-being. Work in organisations and experiences thereof are not always positive. However, focussing on positive practices even when the context and experiences thereof are negative might facilitate positive functioning of individuals and their institutions. A cross-sectional survey design was used with a convenience sample of 339 academic employees from three higher education institutions in South Africa. The Positive Practices Questionnaire, the Job Demands–Resources Scale, two perceived person–environment fit scales and the Flourishing-at-Work Scale – Short Form were administered. Results from latent profile analyses provided evidence of four latent profiles. Analysis showed that a perceived lack of positive practices in institutions was associated with perceptions of overload, lack of role clarity, poor supervisor and co-worker relationships, lack of person–environment fit, and reduced emotional, psychological and social well-being. Interventions should be employed by leaders to address positive practices in higher education institutions. This study contributes to scientific knowledge regarding the relations between positive organisational practices and experiences of job demands and resources, person–environment fit and well-being of academics.
Journal article
A systematic literature review of the implementation and evaluation of the JOBS programme: A suggested framework for South Africa
Paver, R., De Witte, H., Rothmann, S., Van den Broeck, A. & Blonk, R.
South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences Vol 23, Issue 1, Pages a3049
Abstract
South Africa is challenged with high levels of unemployment, comprising many people with low levels of education and also individuals who have never held a job before. Despite having many vulnerable participants, interventions aimed at the unemployed generally exclude psychosocial training and are methodologically weak. The JOBS programme, a scientifically sound intervention, has been developed specifically to help people affected by unemployment to cope with the psychological effects. As a means of applying such a programme in South Africa, this study aimed to develop a framework based on the insights gained on the implementation and evaluation of the JOBS programme. The study comprised a systematic review of literature regarding the JOBS intervention and its derivatives (n = 34). The results revealed that populations similar to the unemployed in South Africa had benefitted significantly regarding re-employment and mental health outcomes. Suggestions derived from the literature included aiming the programme at the most vulnerable unemployed in South Africa: the youth and long-term unemployed. Furthermore, expanding the programme by adding an entrepreneurial component may yield positive results, considering the lack of employment opportunities in South Africa.
Journal article
The impact of coachee personality traits, propensity to trust and perceived trustworthiness of a coach, on a coachee’s trust behaviour in a coaching relationship.
Terblanche, N.H.D., & Heyns, M.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 46, Issue 0, Pages a1707
Abstract
Coaching continues to grow in importance as a learning and developmental intervention in organisations. It is therefore important to understand what makes coaching successful. The coaching relationship is a known predictor of coaching success, and trust is a key ingredient of a high-quality coach–coachee relationship. This study investigated whether coachee characteristics influence trust in a coaching relationship. Research on trust from the coachees’ perspective is sparse, and specifically it is not known which characteristics of the coachee influence trust behaviour (TB) in the coaching relationship. This study used a cross-sectional survey (n = 196) to measure coachees’ propensity to trust, perception of the trustworthiness (TW) of their coach, TB and their Big Five personality traits. Structural equation modelling was used for analysis. Results revealed that neither personality traits nor propensity to trust are predictors of coachee TB. Only the extent to which the coachee perceives the coach to be trustworthy predicts coachee TB. No indirect and moderation effects were observed. Coaches can actively work towards increasing their TW and by implication the TB of the coachee by demonstrating competence, integrity and ability. This study makes an important contribution to the under-researched field of the role of coachees’ characteristics in successful coaching engagements, in the process contributing to the understanding of what affects coaching efficacy.
Journal article
Opening the black box: A mixed-methods investigation of social and psychological mechanisms underlying changes in financial behaviour.
Steinert, J.I., Cluver, L.D., Meinck, F., Nzima, D. & Doubt, J.
The Journal of Development Studies Vol 56, Issue 12, Pages 2327-2348. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2020.1715946
Abstract
We use a mixed-methods approach to open the ‘black box’ of a combined financial literacy and parenting intervention (‘Parenting for Lifelong Health’) to elucidate the key mechanisms through which changes in financial behaviour are realised. Drawing on qualitative data from 16 focus groups and 42 in-depth interviews, we find evidence for three pathways of change. Higher financial skills and, linked to this, higher financial confidence, a more optimistic future outlook and emotional support provided by peers and family members are described as key facilitators of improved financial behaviour. These mechanisms are cross validated in subsequent quantitative analyses based on standardised interviews from a randomised controlled trial with 552 households. A mediation analysis indicates that the programme’s effect on financial behaviour is significantly mediated by financial skills and self-efficacy (24% of total effect) and optimism (22% of total effect). We further show that the psychological factors are significantly reinforced by increased levels of social support in the family and wider community. Mediating variables remain robust in sensitivity analyses and are confirmed as significant paths when entered simultaneously into a structural equation path model. Our findings highlight possible target points for financial literacy interventions and motivate the inclusion of psychosocial programme components.
Journal article
Prevention of child sexual abuse in South African rural communities: The voices of our children.
Fouché, A., Truter, E., & Fouché, D.F.
Child Abuse Review Vol 28, Pages 455-472
Abstract
This qualitative study explored the views of children about how their township communities should change to safeguard children from child sexual abuse (CSA). In 2014, 18 North-West University student social workers, placed at four organisations for practical work in Gauteng, South Africa, were trained to purposefully recruit participants and employ a draw-and-write visual research method. Ninety participants between 13 and 18 years from South African townships whose families were receiving social work services participated. Seventy-eight participants' (males = 44.9%; females = 55.1%) drawings and narratives were analysed by means of the analytical framework method. They identified the following role players and their duties in creating safer township communities, namely: (1) community members – safeguard the environment and are committed to a changed value system where children are respected and social problems are alleviated; (2) police and security personnel – trustworthy, visible and quick to intervene; (3) families – committed and equipped to protect their children; (4) professionals – approachable and accessible to intervene; and (5) children – empowered to protect themselves and other children. Children in this study experience their environment as unsafe and expressed the need for constant protection. Social ills must be addressed in township communities and mentioned role players must honour their tasks in combatting CSA.
Journal article
Mental health and individual and organisational outcomes of managers in the agricultural sector: A latent profile analysis.
Moller, M. & Rothmann, S.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 29, Issue 6, Pages 535-545
Abstract
This study aimed to identify latent mental health profiles for managers in agribusinesses Additionally, we aimed to investigate how these profiles differed regarding the managers’ job satisfaction, organisational citizenship behaviour, and intention to leave Managers (N = 507) from agribusinesses in South Africa participated in the study The managers self-reported their demographic information and completed the Mental Health Continuum – Short Form, the Job Satisfaction Scale, the Organisational Citizenship Behaviour Scale, and the Turnover Intention Scale Latent profile analysis identified the profiles of languishing, moderately languishing, moderately flourishing, and flourishing Significant differences with regard to mental health profile were found between job satisfaction, organisational citizenship behaviour, and intention to leave Mental health profiles may be helpful in customising supports for managers, addressing their job satisfaction, organisational citizenship behaviour, and intention to leave.
Journal article
Examining the mediating effect of diversity climate on the relationship between destructive leadership and employee attitudes
McCallaghan, S., Jackson, L.T.B. & Heyns, M.M.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 29, Issue 6, Pages 563-569
Abstract
The study sought to investigate the mediating effect of diversity climate on the relation between a destructive leadership style and employee attitudes of organisational commitment, job satisfaction, and intention to quit Participants were employees from the financial, banking, retail, and manufacturing sector in Gauteng province, South Africa (N = 230) The employees completed measures of autocratic leadership, diversity climate, job satisfaction, intentions to quit, and commitment Simple mediation analysis revealed a pro-diversity climate to mediate the relationship between non-destructive leadership, organisational commitment, and job satisfaction Non-destructive leadership predicted a constructive diversity climate, lower levels of intention to quit, higher levels of job satisfaction, and improved organisational commitment Non-destructive leadership was conducive to diversity climate improving on employee organisational commitment and job satisfaction.
Journal article
Enhancing scientific credibility: An open science strategy for the South African Journal of Industrial Psychology.
Van Zyl, L. E.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 45, Issue 0, Pages doi: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v45i0.1768
Abstract
The purpose of this editorial was to provide an introduction and a general overview of the special issue on Open Science Practices: A Vision for the Future of SAJIP, as hosted in the 45th edition of the South African Journal of Industrial Psychology (SAJIP). Specifically, the aim was to provide a viable, practical and implementable strategy for enhancing the scientific credibility, transparency and international stature of SAJIP.
Journal article
Debating the scientific credibility of Industrial and Organisational Psychology: A rebuttal.
Van Zyl, L. E., & Junker, M
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 45, Issue a1766, Pages doi: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v45i0.1766
Abstract
The credibility and transparency of industrial and organisational psychological (IOP) research within South Africa was recently challenged by Efendic and Van Zyl (2019). The authors briefly showed inconsistencies in statistical results reported by authors of the South African Journal of Industrial Psychology (SAJIP), that various studies were insufficiently powered, that best-practice guidelines for the reporting of results were mostly only partially followed and that no transparency exists with regard to the research process. They demonstrated that authors of the SAJIP may knowingly or unknowingly be engaging in questionable research practices, which directly affects the credibility of both the discipline and the journal. Furthermore, they suggested practical guidelines for both authors and the SAJIP on how this could be managed. Based on these suggestions, the authors invited prominent members of the IOP scientific community to provide scholarly commentary on their paper in order to aid in the development of ‘a clear strategy on how [the confidence crisis in IOP] could be managed, what the role of SAJIP is in this process and how SAJIP and its contributors could proactively engage to address these issues’. Seven members of the editorial board and two international scholars provided commentaries in an attempt to further the debate about the nature, causes, consequences and management of the credibility crisis within the South African context. The purpose of this final rebuttal article was to summarise and critically reflect on the commentaries of the nine articles to advance the debate on the confidence crisis within the South African IOP discipline. All SAJIP’s stakeholders (authors, editors, reviewers, the publication house, universities and the journal) can play an active role in enhancing the credibility of the discipline. It is suggested that SAJIP should develop a clear and structured strategy to promote credible, transparent and ethical research practices within South Africa.
Journal article
The peril of self-reported adherence in digital interventions: A brief example
Fletta, J.A.M., Fletchera, B.D., Riordana, B.C., Patterson, T., Haynea, H., & Connera, T.S.
Internet Interventions Vol 18, Pages 100267
Abstract
Adherence is an important predictor of intervention outcomes, but not all measures of adherence are created equally. Here, we analyzed whether there was a discrepancy between self-report adherence and objective adherence in a digital mindfulness meditation randomised, controlled trial. A sample of 174 young adult undergraduate university students trialled either an app-based or email-based mindfulness meditation program (or an app-based attention control). Participants' adherence (number of sessions completed) and mental health was self-reported. Objective adherence data were provided by the owners of the digital mindfulness programs. We found evidence of inflated self-reported adherence to the app-based intervention and argue that the inflation was not explained by social desirability biases because participants were aware we would have access to object data and no remuneration was tied to adherence. We also comment on the different conclusions we would have drawn about the effectiveness of the digital interventions on mental health, had we used the self-reported adherence data rather than the objective adherence data. We use this example to suggest that it may be perilous to rely on self-reported measures of adherence when assessing the effectiveness of digital interventions.
Journal article
A sociological exploration of the need for safe spaces for lesbian and gay students on a South African university campus.
Tshilongo, T. & Rothmann, J.
Transformation in Higher Education Vol 4(0), a77, Pages https://doi.org/10.4102/the.v4i0.77
Abstract
The role of safe spaces on university campuses for gay and lesbian students remains a contested issue. This is attributed to the fact that the visibility of these students on university campuses presents a duality: On the one hand, the creation of such spaces provides a sense of communal belonging, safety and visibility for these students which could contribute to de-mystifying stereotypes. On the other hand, such increased visibility may further exacerbate a backlash to those who disclose their sexual identity, which manifests in verbal and/or physical homophobia. The article reports on an explorative sociological study on the need for such safe spaces for lesbian and gay students on North-West University’s Potchefstroom campus. Setting: The focus of the research was to explore the need for safe spaces on the North-West university’s Potchefstroom campus. The aim was to investigate the perceptions of self-identified gay and lesbian students on the importance of providing such spaces. A qualitative research design, informed by the meta-theoretical principles of social constructionism, interpretivism and queer theory, was applied. Probability and snowball sampling methods were used along with 20 semi-structured interviews with 10 self-identified gay and 10 self-identified lesbian students. Thematic analysis was used to code the data. Participants expressed dualistic narratives regarding their experiences on campus. Some indicated that they did not experience any discrimination whereas others recalled particular incidences of homophobia. These differences notwithstanding, participants provided particular definitions of such spaces, identified its preferred formations and reasons for being in favour of and against its implementation. Findings suggest that the introduction of formal policies is essential in deciding on whether safe spaces are necessary and to inform the decisions of students require this to disclose their identities.
Journal article
On reproducibility and replicability: Arguing for open science practices and methodological improvements at the South African Journal of Industrial Psychology.
Efendic, E., & Van Zyl, L. E.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 45, Issue a1607, Pages https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v45i0.1607
Abstract
In recent years, psychology has been going through a crisis of sorts. Research methods and practices have come under increased scrutiny, with many issues identified as negatively contributing to low replicability and reproducibility of psychological research. As a consequence, researchers are increasingly called upon to overhaul and improve their research process. Various stakeholders within the scientific community are arguing for more openness and rigor within industrial and organisational (I-O) psychological research. A lack of transparency and openness further fuels criticisms as to the credibility and trustworthiness of I-O psychology which negatively affects the evidence-based practices which it supports. Furthermore, traditional gate-keepers such as grant agencies, professional societies and journals, are adapting their policies, reflecting an effort to curtail these trends. The purpose of this opinion paper is, therefore, to stimulate an open dialogue with the South African Journal of Industrial Psychology (SAJIP) contributing authors, its editorial board and readership about the challenges associated with the replication crisis in psychology. Furthermore, it attempts to discuss how the identified issues affect I-O psychology and how these could be managed through open science practices and other structural improvements within the SAJIP. We enumerate several easily implementable open science practices, methodological improvements and editorial policy enhancements to enhance credibility and transparency within the SAJIP. Relying on these, we recommend changes to the current practices that can be taken up by researchers and the SAJIP to improve reproducibility and replicability in I-O psychological science.
Journal article
Life course trajectories of family care.
Keating, N., Eales, J., Funk, L., Fast, J., & Min, J.
International Journal of Care and Caring Vol 3, Issue 2, Pages 147-163
Abstract
More than 30 years ago, Elder theorised multiple life-course trajectories in domains such as family and work, punctuated by transitions that create the structure and rhythm of individual lives. We argue that in the context of population ageing, family care should be added as a life-course domain. We conceptualise life courses of family care with core elements of ‘care as doing’ and ‘care as being in relationship’, creating hypothetical family care trajectories to illustrate the diversity of life-course
patterns of care. The framework provides a basis for considering influences of care on cumulative advantage/disadvantage for family carers.
Journal article
Risk-laden working lives of women child protection social workers in South Africa.
Truter, E., & Fouché, A.
Social Work/Maatskaplike Werk Vol 55, Issue 4, Pages 451-465
Abstract
This study reports on the findings of semi-structured interviews with ten social workers employed by designated child protection organisations in Gauteng, South Africa to explore their lived experiences of workplace risks and subsequent negative outcomes. Thematic analysis of transcribed interviews yielded risk factors embedded in the socio-ecological model, namely intrapersonal (personality traits and the dichotomy of human vs. professionalism); interpersonal (unsupportive supervisors; lack of co-operation among professionals); institutional (challenges unique to child protection social work); community (unrealistic expectations from communities); societal / public policy (lack of funding and resources, political interference). A discussion follows and the way forward is deliberated.
Journal article
A conceptual model of financial well-being for South African investors.
Dickason-Koekemoer, Z. & Ferreira, S.
Cogent Business & Management Vol 6, Issue 1676612
Abstract
The satisfaction an individual experience with his or her financial position refers to financial well-being. Financial well-being can also be related to financial distress as its subjective indicator. The level of financial well-being may influence the financial decisions of investors and may vary according to their demographics. The aim of this study is to determine the level of financial well-being of investors and whether demographic variables play an influential role in investment decisions. The results from the study indicated that a significant difference exists between the financial well-being of male and female investors. Male investors were more likely to have an average or high financial well-being compared with female investors. A significant difference was also found between the financial well-being among different age categories. Older investors were more likely to have a low financial well-being compared to investors between the ages of 16 to 24.
Journal article
An ultra-short measure for work engagement: The UWES-3 validation across five countries
Schaufeli, W.B., Shimazu, A., Hakanen, J., Salanova, M. & De Witte, H.
European Journal of Psychological Assessment Vol 35, Issue 4, Pages 577–591
Abstract
The current study introduces an ultra-short, 3-item version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. Using five national samples from Finland (N = 22,117), Japan (N = 1,968), the Netherlands (N = 38,278), Belgium/Flanders (N = 5,062), and Spain (N = 10,040) its internal consistency and factorial validity vis-à-vis validated measures of burnout, workaholism, and job boredom are demonstrated. Moreover, the UWES-3 shares 86–92% of its variance with the longer nine-item version and the pattern of correlations of both versions with 9 indicators of well-being, 8 job demands, 10 job resources, and 6 outcomes is highly similar with an average, absolute difference between correlations of only .02. Hence, it is concluded that the UWES-3 is a reliable and valid indicator of work engagement that can be used as an alternative to the longer version, for instance in national and international epidemiological surveys on employee’s working conditions.
Journal article
From surviving to thriving: Towards career well-being.
Mahomed F.E., Rothmann, S.
In M. Coetzee, I.L. Potgieter, & N. Ferreira (Eds.), Psychology of retention: Theory, research and practice Pages 91-116. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature.
Abstract
In the long-term future, the quality, brand and reputation of universities would be crucial factors impacting experiences of work of knowledge and innovation workers. Academics in universities will play a signi?cant role in preparing knowledge and innovation workers for their work. The aim of this chapter was to investigate the relationship between job crafting, high-performance human resource management practices and thriving of academics in higher education institutions. A cross-sectional survey design was used. A convenience sample of 276 academic employees from three universities of technology in South Africa participated in the study. The participants completed the Job Crafting Questionnaire, the High-Performance Human Resource Practices Questionnaire, and the Thriving at Work Scale. As hypothesised, thriving, job crafting, and high-performance human resource practices were positively related. Additionally, a signi?cant interaction between job crafting and high-performance human resource practices was found. The relationship between job crafting and thriving was found to differ with respect to the extent to which academics perceived high-performance human resource practices. When human resource practices were perceived to be good, academics’ thriving depended less on job crafting. However, when human resource practices were perceived to be poor, job crafting was needed for academics to thrive. The implications of these results are discussed.
Journal article
To leave or not to leave? A multi-sample study on individual, job-related, and organizational antecedents of employability and retirement intentions.
Le Blanc, P., Peeters, M., Van Der Heijden, B., & Van Zyl, L. E
Frontiers in Psychology Vol 10, Pages 2057. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02057
Abstract
In view of the aging and dejuvenation of the working population and the expected shortages in employees’ skills in the future, it is of utmost importance to focus on older workers’ employability in order to prolong their working life until, or even beyond, their official retirement age. The primary aim of the current study was to examine the relationship between older workers’ employability (self-)perceptions and their intention to continue working until their official retirement age. In addition, we studied the role of potential antecedents of their perceived employability at three different levels: training and education in current expertise area as well as in an adjacent expertise area (individual level factor), learning value of the job (job level factor), and organizational career management practices (organizational level factor). Data were collected by means of e-questionnaires that were distributed among two groups of Dutch older (45-plus) white collar workers. The samples consisted of 223 employees of an insurance company, and 325 university workers, respectively. Our research model was tested separately in each sample using Structural Equation Modeling. We controlled for effects of respondents’ (self-)perceived health and (self-)perceived financial situation. Similar results were found for both samples. First, the relationship of perceived employability with the intention to continue working until one’s retirement age was positive, whereas the relationship between a perceived good financial situation with the intention to continue working until one’s retirement age was negative. Secondly, as regards the potential antecedents, results showed that the learning value of the job was positively related to perceived employability. In addition, an employee’s perception of good health is a relevant correlate of perceived employability. So, whereas perceived employability contributes to the intention to continue working until one’s retirement age, a good financial situation is a push factor to retire early. In order to promote the labor participation of older workers, this study indicates that organizations should focus on the learning possibilities that are inherent to one’s job rather than on providing additional training or career management. Further research is needed to test the generalizability of our results to other samples.
Journal article
Pathways to the flourishing of pharmacy students: The role of study demands and lecturer support.
Basson, M. J. J., & Rothmann, S.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 29, Issue 4, Pages 338-345
Abstract
This study investigated possible pathways to flourishing among pharmacy students attending a South African university (N = 799; females = 81 6%; Afrikaans-speakers = 84 7%, mean age = 20 42 years, SD = 2 25 years) The students completed the Mental Health Continuum – Short Form (MHC-SF) and an Overload and Lecturer Support Survey Of the 779 pharmacy students, 40.3% self-reported as flourishing, with high mean scores on workload and lecturer support The level of emotional well-being of year group 2 was the highest Following structural equation modelling, overload and lecturer support explained between 18% and 31% of the variance in the flourishing of the different year groups From the second to the third year, the predictive value of overload and lecturer support for flourishing decreased by 8 8% Lecturer support and low overload appear to play a positive role in the flourishing of higher education students.
Journal article
Transformational leadership, diversity climate and job satisfaction in selected South African companies.
McCallaghan, S., Jackson, L.T.B., & Heyns, M.M.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 29, Issue 3, Pages 195-202
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between transformational leadership, diversity climate, and job satisfaction in a selection of South African companies Participants were a convenience sample of 263 employees from the Gauteng Province (white = 69.3%) They completed measures for transformational leadership, diversity climate, and job satisfaction. Structural equation modelling analysis revealed transformational leadership to directly predict job satisfaction and diversity climate, and to mediate the relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction Moreover, transformational leadership directly and positively predicted quality of workplace diversity climate. Future leaders and managers should leverage an organisation’s diversity climate for job satisfaction applying transformational leadership strategies.
Journal article
A social-ecological modelled explanation of the resilience processes of a sample of Black Sesotho-speaking adolescents.
Van Rensburg, A., Theron, L., & Rothmann, S.
Psychological Reports Vol 122, Issue 4, Pages 1211–1234
Abstract
The primary aim of the study that this article reports was to model and test a social ecological explanation of resilience as explained by Ungar. Its secondary aim was to investigate resilience-promoting supports in school-going Black South African adolescents. School attendance was specified as a culturally appropriate, functional outcome of resilience. The Pathways to Resilience Research Project gathered data through the Pathways to Resilience Youth Measure. Seven hundred and thirty school-going adolescents (age 12–19 years, 388 female, 341 male, one unspecified) from Thabo Mofutsanyana District, in South Africa’s Free State province, participated in this cross-sectional study. Latent variable modeling was used to test measurement models of adolescents’ self-reported perceptions of social ecological contributions (resources and risks) to their resilience. A complex model based on a social ecological explanation of resilience fitted the data best. The structural model showed that the resilience process predicted 32% of the variance in school attendance. Social skills, cultural, and spiritual resources were most supportive of adolescents’ resilience. The results confirmed that the complex model explained resilience in Black South African adolescents as a person-context relational process and prompt principals, parents, teachers, and governmental departments to encourage school attendance.
Journal article
Human error: The impact of job insecurity on attention-related cognitive errors and error detection.
Roll, L.C., Siu, O., Li, S.Y.W., & De Witte, H.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol 16, Pages 2427
Abstract
Work-related stress is a major contributor to human error. One significant workplace stressor is job insecurity, which has been linked to an increased likelihood of experiencing burnout. This, in turn, might affect human error, specifically attention-related cognitive errors (ARCES) and the ability to detect errors. ARCES can be costly for organizations and pose a safety risk. Equally detrimental effects can be caused by failure to detect errors before they can cause harm. We gathered self-report and behavioral data from 148 employees working in educational, financial and medical sectors in China. We designed and piloted an error detection task in which employees had to compare fictitious customer orders to deliveries of an online shop. We tested for indirect effects using the PROCESS macro with bootstrapping Our findings confirmed indirect effects of job insecurity on both ARCES and the ability to detect errors via burnout. The present research shows that job insecurity influences making and detecting errors through its relationship with burnout. These findings suggest that job insecurity could increase the likelihood for human error with potential implications for employees’ safety and the safety of others.
Journal article
Theoretical approaches to multi-cultural positive psychological interventions
Van Zyl, L.E. & Rothmann, S.
Volume 2. Cham, Switzerland: Springer
Abstract
Journal article
Exploring organisational diversity climate with associated antecedents and employee outcomes.
McCallaghan, S., Jackson, L., & Heyns, M.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 45, Issue 0, Pages a1614. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v45i0.1614
Abstract
Organisations are consistently changing and diversifying; therefore, researchers and practitioners are viewing diversity as an essential part of organisational behaviour literature and practice. The purpose of this study was to investigate a simple mediation model, with the diversity climate as the proposed mediator, transformational leadership as the model antecedent and organisational commitment as the outcome. The South African diversity climate research is limited, including mediation investigations. Increased organisational diversification requires constant and relevant information with regard to diversity management. A quantitative approach using a cross-sectional design collected 230 responses from a convenience sample. Transformational leadership was considered through six key behaviours associated with transformational leadership. Organisational commitment was considered as per the Psycones questionnaire and the organisational diversity climate was determined using a single-dimension diversity climate instrument. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and a simple mediation model. Correlation results revealed that both transformational leadership and a diversity climate demonstrated practical effects with organisational commitment. from a standardised regression coefficient confirmed that transformational leadership predicts the diversity climate significantly. Both transformational leadership and diversity climate predicted commitment. The simple mediation model revealed that the diversity climate can be considered a mediator in the relationship between transformational leadership and employee commitment. Organisations would benefit from leadership assessments for current and future employees, especially organisations that would like to prioritise a constructive diversity climate and employee commitment. Contributions are made towards limited diversity climate investigations by providing empirical evidence of the mediating role of a diversity climate.
Journal article
High performance learning: Towards a theory for optimising potential in multi-cultural education contexts.
Grosser, M.M. & Nel, M.
In L.E. van Zyl & S. Rothmann (Eds.), Theoretical approaches to multicultural positive psychology interventions. Vol 1, Pages 299-324. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Abstract
Framed within the global philosophy and practice of inclusive education, this chapter aims to explore a theoretical perspective for optimising learning potential in multi-cultural education contexts. Although multi-cultural education is embraced around the world, it appears that only restricted advancements have been made to achieve viable effects. To offer a potential solution for the aforementioned, the chapter firstly elaborates on the conceptualisation of multi-cultural education as the holistic development of potential and critical abilities (skills, attitudes, values, dispositions) of all students (not only marginalized groups) regardless of their differences. Sec- ondly, High Performance Learning (HPL) Theory that builds on the advances of Human Capital Theory, Positive Education, Growth Mind-Set Theory, Neuroscience and Social Constructivist Learning Theory is scrutinised to identify beneficial, practical pathways for achieving higher levels of human potential, and enabling all students to benefit from positive education interventions in multi-cultural contexts.
Journal article
How to create a flourishing classroom? An intervention protocol for enhancing teachers’ social and emotional learning.
Talvio, M., & Lonka, K.
In L.E. van Zyl & S. Rothmann (Eds.), Positive psychological intervention design and protocols for multi-cultural contexts Vol 2, Pages 315-340. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Abstract
The positive psychology movement values good atmosphere and flourishing in the classroom. In order to do this, it is important to develop teachers’ social and emotional learning (SEL) as a part of expertise, because teachers are in key position to create supportive and engaging learning environment. Even though promoting SEL as a means to create a flourishing classroom is often recommended in the literature, there is not much multi-national evidence about the development of the teachers’ competencies associated with SEL. Previous research indicates that it is difficult to aid students to flourish without teachers having the necessary skills to scaffold them. Focusing merely on cognitive outcomes is not helping, but instead, we need to train the teachers to support autonomy, agency and self-efficacy in classrooms to build sustainable success and happiness among youth. The whole classroom culture should be developed to support positive encounters. This chapter describes studies on SEL interventions on teachers. The participants of the first study were Finnish teachers who attended to Gordon’s Teacher Effectiveness Training (TET) workshops, based on humanistic psychology. For assessing teachers’ development of SEL, a new method, Dealing with Challenging Interaction (DCI) was developed. DCI helps to capture the real-life challenging situations at teacher’s work in various settings. In all, after the TET intervention the teachers really started using the studied skills, and they were more likely to support their students’ autonomy and agency than the teachers in the comparison groups. The next step was to carry out global investigations about the Lions Quest teacher workshops. These studies revealed increased readiness to develop teachers’ SEL competencies worldwide. Finally, various SEL interventions in nine European countries were looked at. So far, using mixed-method approach in several countries has produced consistent results with satisfactory effect sizes. The research methods appear ecologically valid, yet generalizable in various cultures and contexts. In all, these studies demonstrated that teachers benefit from SEL training. Diverse interventions appeared to increase teachers’ readiness to implement SEL.
Journal article
Self-determination and positive psychology interventions: A extension of the positive activity model in the context of unemployment.
Van der Vaart, L., & Van den Broeck, A.
In L.E. van Zyl & S. Rothmann (Eds.), Theoretical approaches to multicultural positive psychology interventions. Vol 1, Pages 51-68, Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Abstract
Positive psychological interventions (PPIs) are approaches, methods, and intentional activities that cultivate positive behaviours, cognitions, and emotions. PPI’s are proven to be effective and valuable, also to complement traditional interventions. Nevertheless, they are largely ignored in the context of unemployment. This chapter first contends that PPIs should be developed for and implemented in the unemployment context. PPIs are warranted in this context because they may facilitate the well-being—and therefore also indirectly alleviate the suffering of a vulnerable population. Second, we argue that the effectiveness of PPIs can be enhanced by using theoretical frameworks, such as the self-determination theory (SDT). As an influential motivational theory, SDT provides a comprehensive framework for the mechanisms (i.e. basic psychological need satisfaction) through which well-being can be enabled. Satisfaction of the needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness could therefore serve as key foci of PPIs, but they may also provide guidance on how PPIs can be implemented to facilitate client adherence, engagement, and intervention outcomes. This chapter aims to theorise on the use of SDT and basic psychological need satisfaction to inform the content and delivery of PPIs. In doing so, the chapter contributes to the limited literature incorporating SDT principles into PPI interventions, in general, but also more specifically in the unemployment context.
Journal article
Positive leadership: Moving towards an integrated definition and interventions.
Malinga, K., Stander, M. & Nell, H. W.
In L.E. van Zyl & S. Rothmann (Eds.), Theoretical approaches to multicultural positive psychology interventions. Vol 1, Pages 201-228, Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Abstract
There has been a shift in organisations towards leaders who are positive and able to create positive work environment for employees, as well as build relationships through teamwork and trust. Many have argued that positive leadership is needed in dealing with challenges that leaders face in organisations due to the constantly changing world of work. Although there are numerous studies on positive leadership, there is still confusion and considerable variability regarding the conceptualisation of positive leadership in literature. This chapter commences by outlining the findings of a critical review of existing literature on the topic of positive leadership, which considered both quantitative and qualitative articles published in English that contained conceptualisations, definitions, descriptions, behaviours, characteristics, or principles of positive leadership. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. The key themes that were derived from the data included a number of leadership traits, motivational characteristics, as well as specific leadership behaviours. Secondly, this conceptualisation is used as the basis for proposing an integrated definition of positive leadership, which in turn is utilised in the final part of the chapter to propose three positive leadership interventions.
Journal article
The potential of job demands-resources interventions in organizations.
Van Wingerden, J., & Van der Vaart, L.
In L.E. van Zyl & S. Rothmann (Eds.), Theoretical approaches to multicultural positive psychology interventions. Vol 1, Pages 97-114, Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Abstract
Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) theory, amongst others, proposes that employee work engagement and job performance are the result of an optimal balance between job demands and (personal and job) resources. According to JD-R theory, every job is characterized by a specific set of job demands and resources. JD-R theory states that positive organizational interventions that aim to optimize job demands and resources will lead to improved levels of work engagement and performance and may therefore be appealing for contemporary organizations that want to stimulate employee well-being and improve their performance from which they can outstand their competitors. In this book chapter, we present and discuss the motivational potential of job demands-resources interventions from both an organizational (top- down) and an employee (bottom-up) perspective, and their effectiveness.
Journal article
Inspiring growth: A counselling framework for industrial psychology practitioners.
Jorgensen-Graupner, L.I., & Van Zyl, L.E.
In L.E. van Zyl & S. Rothmann (Eds.), Positive psychological intervention design and protocols for multi-cultural contexts Vol 2, Pages 391-412. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Abstract
Industrial psychologists provide short-term counselling in the workplace and should, therefore, be equipped to manage or deal effectively with the challenges that confront employees. However, practitioners report that they are ill equipped to manage both the practical and emotional demands associated with work-place counselling. Most professional industrial psychology training programmes also fail to provide neither adequate training in counselling, nor practical skills, or “tools” to aid distressed employees. The reason may be that there are no clear training framework for the industrial psychologist as counsellor. Therefore, the purpose of this chapter is to develop a counselling framework for the industrial psychologist as workplace counsellor. Illuminated by a metaphor of a growing sycamore fig tree, this chapter delineates a four-phased framework (Rooting, Growing, Branching and Thriving). The aim is to help tertiary educational institutions train industrial psychologists as workplace counsellors.
Journal article
Giving positive psychology interventions depth: A Jungian approach.
Du Toit, D. H & Du Toit, S.
In L.E. van Zyl & S. Rothmann (Eds.), Theoretical approaches to multicultural positive psychology interventions. Vol 2, Pages 391-402, Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Abstract
Positive Psychology is well established with its main constructs well defined and well researched. Interventions in this field of psychology are starting to get their rightful place, yet research indicates that the impact of these interventionsare not showing consistent results. Positive Psychology was from its inception positioned as breaking away from traditional approaches, including that of Depth Psychology. Even though vast differences exist it might be valuable to reconsider this relationship and contemplate how Depth Psychology, mainly Jungian Depth Psychology, can be positioned as a resource to be used in conjunction with Positive Psychology. The aim of this chapter is to show how these two seemingly different approaches, despite their different theoretical foundations and different methodologies, have the potential to complement, enhance and enrich each other, especially regarding interventions. This chapter does not aim to draw a comprehensive comparison between the two approaches. The purpose is to present Depth Psychology in a demystified manner that particularly shows how Depth Psychology interventions can practically add to Positive Psychology interventions.
Journal article
Why do people share fake news? Associations from the dark side of social media use and fake news sharing behavior.
Talwar, S., Dhir, A., Kaur, P., Zafar, N., & Alrasheedy, M.
Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services Vol 51, Pages 72-82
Abstract
The current study examines the associations of the dark side of social media use and fake news sharing behaviour among social media users. A large cross-sectional data from 1022 social media users are collected to test the research model, formulated using social comparison theory, self-determination theory, rational choice theory and seminal work on psychology and communication. The study results suggest that online trust, self-disclosure, fear of missing out (FoMO), and social media fatigue are positively associated with the sharing fake news (intentionally). In contrast, social comparison has a negative association. The study findings also indicate that online trust has negative association with authenticating news before sharing. The study concludes with some implications for policy makers and marketers that could be useful in protecting society and brands from the perils of the misuse of social media and fake news.
Journal article
Antecedents and consequences of social media fatigue.
Dhir, , S., Kaur, P., Chen, S., & Pallesen
International Journal of Information Management Vol 48, Pages 193-202
Abstract
Prior literature suggests that social media users are increasingly experiencing social media fatigue. Only recently have scholars undertaken empirical studies to investigate its antecedents and outcomes to better understand the impact of fatigue on social media users. To further this understanding, the present study has conducted a cross-sectional survey with 1552 users. The Stress-Strain-Outcome (SSO) theoretical framework is applied to examine if privacy concerns, self-disclosure, parental mediation strategies, and decrement in academic performance due to social media use correlate with social media fatigue. Two forms of fatigue are considered, namely, fatigue due to social networking site (SNS) and mobile instant messaging (MIM) use. The study results suggest that privacy concerns, self-disclosure, parental encouragement and worry significantly and positively correlate with SNS and MIM fatigue. Parental permission and parental monitoring are either not or lowly associated with fatigue. In addition to this, SNS and MIM fatigue positively correlated with the tendency to experience academic decrement due to social media use. The antecedents and consequences of social media fatigue were similar for SNS and MIM users. Moreover, students perceived their parents to be more open to their MIM use, and they had higher self-disclosure in MIM than in SNS. The study concludes with significant implications for practitioners, policy makers as well as service designers.
Journal article
Design for engagement of positive psychology interventions.
Kelders, S.
In M. Coetzee, I.L. Potgieter, & N. Ferreira (Eds.), Psychology of retention: Theory, research and practice Vol 2, Pages 297-314, Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Abstract
Online Positive Psychology Interventions (oPPIs) can provide a low-cost way to improve wellbeing in the general population. However, for these interventions to be effective, participants need to use them for a longer period of time and need to practice the content in their daily lives. This means that participants need to feel engaged with the intervention in a certain way. The first part of this chapter introduces this need for engagement with online interventions and provides insight in what engagement might actually be in this context. The next part of the chapter will focus on ways technology can be designed to positively influence engagement. This will be illustrated by means of two cases of oPPIs. Next, the chapter will discuss the way engagement might be used to personalize interventions and thereby increase the individual effectiveness. The chapter concludes with a summary of the main learning points.
Journal article
Positive journal writing across multicultural contexts: A protocol for practice.
Hayes, M.C., & Van Zyl, L.E.
In L.E. van Zyl & S. Rothmann (Eds.), Positive psychological intervention design and protocols for multi-cultural contexts Vol 2, Pages 415-434. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to offer a self-directed, evidence-based, positive psychological intervention protocol for positive journaling. Specifically, the chapter proposes that effective positive journaling interventions require at least four distinct phases: (1) exposure to a range of positive emotions and discussion of these emotions in context; (2) offering an initial guided/structured writing intervention over three days in the form of a ‘positive journal’; (3) follow up support and discussion of the intervention to evaluate suitability; and finally (4) if appropriate, directing the client towards self-directed ‘ownership’ of this tool by encouraging the maintenance of a regular positive journal practice. In recommending this protocol, the present chapter draws upon extant qualitative and quantitative studies in support of positive writing, as well as highlighting its potential value across multi-cultural contexts. Also offered is a theoretical reflection upon the ways in which such a tool might be further developed to incorporate broader aspects of the field of positive psychology, beyond positive emotions, such as self-compassion or character strengths.
Journal article
Measuring flourishing @ work interventions: The validation of a new instrument.
Rothmann, S., Van Zyl, L. E., & Rautenbach, C.
In L.E. van Zyl & S. Rothmann (Eds.), Positive psychological intervention design and protocols for multi-cultural contexts Vol 2, Pages 217-240. Cham, Switzerland: Springer
Abstract
This study aimed to validate a scale that could be used to measure the effectiveness of interventions aimed at enhancing flourishing at work. A cross-sectional survey design was used, with a stratified random sample of 779 employees in a company in the fast-moving consumer goods industry. The Flourishing-at-Work Scale and Job Demands-Resources Scale were administered. The results supported a 10-factor model of flourishing at work, including a general flourishing factor. The 10 factors included positive affect, low negative affect, and job satisfaction (three factors that represent dimensions of emotional well-being), autonomy, competence, relatedness, engagement, meaningful work, and learning (which can be regarded as dimensions of psychological well-being), and social well-being. The reliabilities of the overall scale and the 10 subscales were acceptable. The results showed that specific types of flourishing (or the lack thereof) explained variance in covariates (overload, negative work-home interaction, and advancement) over and above the variance already explained by the global quantity of flourishing. The Flourishing-at-Work Scale can be used as a valid and reliable tool to measure the impact of interventions developing a flourishing workforce.
Journal article
Best practice guidelines for positive psychological intervention research design.
Van Zyl, L. E., Efendic, E., Rothmann, S., & Shankland, R.
In M. Coetzee, I.L. Potgieter, & N. Ferreira (Eds.), Psychology of retention: Theory, research and practice Vol 2, Pages 1-30, Cham, Switzerland: Springer
Abstract
Positive psychological interventions (PPIs) have been subjected to considerable criticism in recent years. Following similar movements across other domains of psychology, attempts to replicate classic PPI studies have failed or have produced mixed results. Such failures are often justified with arguments that invoke the complexity of human nature, the influence of contextual factors (for example, hidden moderators) that may arise in different populations, poor evaluation frameworks, or humans being reactive in PPIs and, as a result, modifying their behavior when observed. However, without replicability and consistency in results over time, the validity of PPIs will remain questionable in the broader scientific community unless acted on. In this chapter, it is argued that the lack of replicability and poor effectiveness of PPIs are a function of problems occurring in five areas: (a) intervention design, (b) recruitment and retention of participants, (c) adoption, (d) issues with intervention fidelity and implementation, and (e) efficacy or effectivity evaluation. This chapter focuses on the problems associated with each of these areas and presents general (albeit brief) best-practice guidelines for PPIs, inspired by recent developments in intervention methodology.
Journal article
On reproducibility and replicability: Arguing for open science practices and methodological improvements at the South African Journal of Industrial Psychology.
Efendic, E., & Van Zyl, L. E.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 45, Issue 0, Pages 1607.https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v45i0.1607
Abstract
In recent years, psychology has been going through a crisis of sorts. Research methods and practices have come under increased scrutiny, with many issues identified as negatively contributing to low replicability and reproducibility of psychological research. As a consequence, researchers are increasingly called upon to overhaul and improve their research process. Various stakeholders within the scientific community are arguing for more openness and rigor within industrial and organisational (I-O) psychological research. A lack of transparency and openness further fuels criticisms as to the credibility and trustworthiness of I-O psychology which negatively affects the evidence-based practices which it supports. Furthermore, traditional gate-keepers such as grant agencies, professional societies and journals, are adapting their policies, reflecting an effort to curtail these trends. The purpose of this opinion paper is, therefore, to stimulate an open dialogue with the South African Journal of Industrial Psychology (SAJIP) contributing authors, its editorial board and readership about the challenges associated with the replication crisis in psychology. Furthermore, it attempts to discuss how the identified issues affect I-O psychology and how these could be managed through open science practices and other structural improvements within the SAJIP. We enumerate several easily implementable open science practices, methodological improvements and editorial policy enhancements to enhance credibility and transparency within the SAJIP. Relying on these, we recommend changes to the current practices that can be taken up by researchers and the SAJIP to improve reproducibility and replicability in I-O psychological science.
Journal article
Labour market interventions to assist the unemployed in two townships in South Africa.
Paver, R., Rothmann, S., Van den Broeck, A., & De Witte, H.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 45, Issue (0), Pages a1596. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v45i0.1596
Abstract
Given the absence of organised and accessible information on programmes relating to unemployment in South Africa, it may be difficult for beneficiaries to derive value from existing programmes; and for stakeholders to identify possible gaps in order to direct their initiatives accordingly. The purpose of this study was to conduct a review of existing employment initiatives within two low-income communities in South Africa, with the aim of identifying possible gaps in better addressing the needs of the unemployed. Unemployment in South Africa does not appear to be the result of a lack of initiatives or a lack of stakeholder involvement, but rather the result of haphazard implementation of interventions. In order to intervene more effectively, addressing the identified gaps, organising and better distribution of information for beneficiaries is suggested. The data were collected via documentary research complemented with structured interviews. Relevant documents (N = 166) and participants (N = 610) were consulted during the data collection phase, using convenience and purposive sampling. A total of 496 unemployment programmes were identified. Most of the interventions were implemented by the government. Vocational training followed by enterprise development and business skills training were the most implemented programmes. Less than 6% of programmes contained psychosocial aspects that are necessary to help the unemployed deal with the psychological consequences of unemployment. Finally, in general, benefactors involved in alleviating unemployment seem unaware of employment initiatives in their communities. The compilation of an inventory of employment programmes may be valuable, as it will assist in identifying the most prominent needs of the South African labour market. This study contributes to scientific knowledge regarding the availability of existing unemployment programmes, projects and interventions, and the need for specific interventions.
Journal article
Feeling Weary? Feeling insecure? Are workplace changes all bad news?
Nikolova, I., van Dam, K., Van Ruysseveldt, J., & De Witte, H.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol 16, Pages 16, 1842; doi:10.3390/ijerph16101842
Abstract
Prior research indicates that workplace changes can have both positive and negative consequences for employees. To explore the mechanisms that trigger these different outcomes, we propose and test a mediation model, which builds on the premises of the challenge–hindrance model of work stress. Specifically, we suggest that whereas workplace changes can engender positive outcomes (e.g., learning outcomes) through an increase in learning demands, they can also enhance negative outcomes (e.g., emotional exhaustion) through increased perceptions of qualitative job insecurity. While we made these specific assumptions, we also analyzed the reversed causation relationships. Two-wave data obtained from 1366 Dutch employees were used to test the study hypotheses. The results showed that the reciprocal causation model had the best fit for the data. However, whereas emotional exhaustion was only mediated by qualitative job insecurity, no mediation was found by learning demands. In addition to the hypothesized effects, several reversed causation effects emerged from the analyses, indicating that the relationships between workplace changes and employee learning and strain are not unidirectional. This underscores the need for a broader view on the causes and effects of workplace changes, as the traditional causation relationships (i.e., perceptions of workplace changes impacting employee learning and strain experiences) are insufficient to explain the complex dynamics between the studied phenomena.
Journal article
Authentic leadership and work engagement: The indirect effects of psychological safety and trust in supervisors.
Maximo, N., Stander, M.W., & Coxen, L.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 45, Issue (0), Pages a1612. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip. v45i0.1612
Abstract
The orientation of this study was towards authentic leadership and its influence on psychological safety, trust in supervisors and work engagement. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of authentic leadership on trust in supervisors, psychological safety and work engagement. Another aim was to determine whether trust in supervisors and psychological safety had an indirect effect on the relationship between authentic leadership and work engagement. An additional objective was to determine if authentic leadership indirectly influenced psychological safety through trust in supervisors. Globally, businesses are faced with many challenges which may be resolved if leaders are encouraged to be more authentic and employees more engaged. In this study, investigating the role of trust in supervisors and psychological safety on the relationship between authentic leadership and work engagement is emphasised. This study was quantitative in nature and used a cross-sectional survey design. A sample of 244 employees within the South African mining industry completed the Authentic Leadership Inventory, Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, Workplace Trust Survey and Psychological Safety Questionnaire. The results indicated that authentic leadership is a significant predictor of both trust in supervisors and psychological safety. This study further found that authentic leadership had a statistically significant indirect effect on work engagement through trust in supervisors. The main findings suggest that having more authentic leaders in the mining sector could enhance trust in these leaders. Authentic leadership thus plays an important role in creating a positive work environment. This work environment of authenticity and trust could lead to a more engaged workforce. Limited empirical evidence exists with regard to the relationship between authentic leadership, work engagement, psychological safety and trust in supervisors. This is particularly true in the mining sector. This study aimed to contribute to the limited number of studies conducted.
Journal article
Psychometric properties of the Psychological Ownership Questionnaire.
Olckers. C., & van Zyl, L.E.
Australian Journal of Psychology Vol 71, Pages 127–136
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the multi-dimensional Psychological Ownership Questionnaire when applied in an organisational context. Method: A cross-sectional survey research design was employed (N = 953) to investigate the factorial validity, internal consistency, measurement invariance, and concurrent validity of the instrument. The results showed that the five-dimensional factor structure of the Psychological Ownership Questionnaire could be confirmed. No configural, scalar, and metric invariances among different age cohorts were shown. The instrument showed reliability at both a lower (Cronbach’s alpha) and upper (composite reliability) limit level. In relating the instrument to turnover intention, its concurrent validity was established. The Psychological Ownership Questionnaire seem to be a useful, valid, and reliable self-report questionnaire for the assessment of psychological ownership within a South African organisational context.
Journal article
Job insecurity, employability and satisfaction among temporary and permanent employees in post-crisis Europe.
De Cuyper, N., Piccoli, B., Fontinha, R., & De Witte, H.
Economic and Industrial Democracy Vol 40, Issue 2, Pages 173–192
Abstract
Earlier studies established that perceived job insecurity is more strongly related to the experiences of permanent employees, and conversely that perceived employability is more strongly related to the experiences of temporary employees. This article challenges these results against the background of the 2008/2009 crisis using samples from the 2010 European Social Survey with employees from Continental and Mediterranean Europe. First, the authors argue that job insecurity has become a structural phenomenon that associates with temporary and permanent employees’ satisfaction in the same fashion, which found overall support. Second, they argue that employability may have become important for all employees, regardless of contract type, which was largely supported. A cause for concern is that the relationship between perceived job insecurity and satisfaction was comparatively stronger than the relationship between perceived employability and satisfaction. This may suggest that employees have not yet fully embraced ideas about employability as the new form of security.
Journal article
Meaning in life experienced by parents of children living with diabetes.
Bekker, C., Deacon, E., & Segal, D.
Health Psychology Open Pages 1-6
Abstract
In this study, nine parents of children living with well-controlled diabetes participated in semi-structured interviews to explore how they make meaning of living with a child with diabetes. Creating a state of normalcy that incorporates the diabetes care plan, empowering their children to successful transition to independent care, positive relationships with their medical team as well as acquiring and sharing diabetes-related knowledge and skills add to the meaning in life of these parents. Health practitioners should facilitate conversations with parents to help them realise their motivation for adhering to the diabetes care plan.
Journal article
Strengths use, deficit correction, thriving and performance of academics at universities of technology.
Mahomed, F.E., & Rothmann, S.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 45, Issue 0, Pages a1577. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v45i0.1577
Abstract
Research regarding strengths use, deficit correction and thriving of academics in higher education institutions is necessary, given the possible effects thereof on their task and contextual performance. This study aimed to investigate the relationships among strengths use and deficit correction, thriving at work and performance of academics. Furthermore, it sought to investigate whether performance-related pay moderates the effects of thriving on performance. No studies were found regarding the relationships among a balanced strengths- and deficit-based approach, thriving at work, and performance in the context of South African higher education. A cross-sectional survey design was used, with a convenience sample of 276 academic employees from three universities of technology in South Africa. The participants completed the Strengths Use and Deficit Correction Scale, the Thriving at Work Scale, a scale that measured perceptions of performance-related pay and measures of task and contextual performance. The results showed that perceived organisational support for strengths use, as well as individual strengths use and deficit correction, predicted thriving at work. Thriving predicted task and contextual performance. A significant interaction was found between thriving and perceptions of performance-related pay. The most robust relation between thriving and performance existed when performance-related pay was perceived to be good. Higher education institutions must invest resources to enable academics to thrive at work via the balanced strength- and deficit-based approach. This approach should be seen as a core development tool for academics to increase employees’ thriving at work. This study contributes to scientific knowledge regarding strengths use and deficit correction, thriving and performance of academics in higher education institutions. It also resulted in new knowledge regarding the interaction effects of performance-related pay and thriving on task performance of academics.
Journal article
The effect of work engagement on total quality management practices in a petrochemical organisation.
Boikanyo, D.H. & Heyns, M.M.
South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences Vol 22, Issue 1, Pages a2334. https://doi. org/10.4102/sajems. v22i1.2334
Abstract
Work engagement can be defined as a positive, fulfilling, work-related state of mind that is characterised by Vigour, Dedication and Absorption. There is a general belief that there is a connection between work engagement and business results, as well as total quality. Practitioners and academics have over the years agreed that the consequences of work engagement are positive. Total quality management is an essential practice that can be used to improve the quality of products on a systematic basis to meet customer satisfaction. It is important for an organisation to have engaged employees as it is evident that such an organisation is likely to prosper and attain total quality management (TQM). The main objective of the study was to determine the effect of work engagement on total quality management practices in a petrochemical organisation. The study was carried out in the petrochemical industry, which is of economic significance to the country. The degree of work engagement is essential for sustainable performance in this industry. Two questionnaires were used for the study, namely the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale and TQM. A total of 166 of responses were received from employees working for a petrochemical organisation. Overall, the results showed that work engagement had a positive relationship with the dimensions of TQM, which was used as a measure of quality, which is a non-financial measure of performance. Managers need to enable an organisation to attract, develop and retain highly engaged employees to ensure a sustainable competitive advantage.
Journal article
Flourishing-at-work: The role of positive organizational practices.
Redelinghuys, K., Rothmann, S., & Botha, E.
Psychological Reports Vol 122, Issue 2, Pages 609-631
Abstract
The first aim of the study was to investigate the effects of flourishing at work (as measured by the Flourishing-at-Work Scale—Short Form) on intention to leave, performance, and organizational citizenship behavior. The second aim was to determine the prevalence of workplace flourishing and to examine differences in the perceived flourishing levels of teachers based on the positive practices they experience in their organization. A sample of 258 secondary school educators in the Gauteng province of South Africa was used in the cross-sectional design. The Flourishing-at-Work Scale—Short Form, Turnover Intention Scale, In-Role Behavior Scale, Organizational Citizenship Behavior Scale, and the Positive Practices Questionnaire were administered. The results showed acceptable psychometric properties for the short scale which measures flourishing. Workplace flourishing negatively predicted intention to leave, while positively predicting in-role performance and organizational citizenship behavior. A total of 44.19% of the population flourished, while 49.22% were moderately mentally healthy and 6.59% languished. Positive organizational practices were associated with flourishing at work.
Journal article
The feasibility of national parks in South Africa endorsing a community development agenda: The case of Mokala National Park and two neighbouring impoverished rural communities.
Coetzee, H. C., & Nell, H. W.
Koedoe Vol 61, Issue 1, Pages a1470. https://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v61i1.1470
Abstract
This article explores the feasibility of South African National Parks (SANParks) endorsing a community development agenda, using Mokala National Park (MNP) and two neighbouring rural communities as case study. A three-phase sequential exploratory, mixed-methods approach was followed: an initial exploratory qualitative phase aimed at identifying the development needs of the two communities; a quantitative phase aimed at verifying and quantifying the identified needs; and a final qualitative phase (with a minor quantitative component) to determine what parks can reasonably achieve in terms of community development based on their available resources, capacity and expertise. Qualitative data were collected via semi-structured interviews (Phase 1: n = 22; Phase 3: n = 6), which were thematically analysed. Quantitative data were collected via a structured questionnaire (Phase 2: n = 484; Phase 3: n = 6) and analysed using SPSS 23. Findings revealed that the communities’ most significant needs centred on employment opportunities; improved healthcare, service delivery and waste management; and education. Community members also expressed the need for improved community policing, safety and security; social services; agricultural support and training; general skills development and training; local leadership; recreational facilities; local economic development and conservation initiatives. Results from the third phase of the study suggest that parks such as MNP can realistically only address some of the identified community needs significantly; primarily job creation (via temporary employment), skills development, local economic development, support of local conservation (especially via environmental education) and, to a lesser extent, agricultural support and training and permanent job creation.
Journal article
Stigmatized loss in women survivors of childhood sexual abuse in South Africa
Ebrahim, B.K., Fouché, A., & Walker-Williams, H.J.
Journal of Loss and Trauma Vol 23, Issue 8, Pages 672–683
Abstract
This study employed qualitative secondary analysis of transcriptions of 16 group treatment sessions with 18 women (average age 30.5 years) who participated in the Survivor to Thriver (S2T) collaborative strengths-based group intervention program for women survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) in South Africa. Applying an analytical framework, inductive thematic analysis was performed. One immediate loss, namely loss of childhood innocence, and two ongoing losses, the loss of how to interconnect and loss of living life to the fullest, were identified in the data. Findings correlate with studies in developed countries and may contribute to the global knowledge base on this topic and inform further treatment practice. Practice implications and limitations are discussed.
Journal article
Young female adults’ experiences of their relationships with older people: The Mmogo-method®
Roos, V., van Biljon, L., & Carstens, U.
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships Vol 36, Issue 2, Pages 556–572
Abstract
Most of the intergenerational research in South Africa has been undertaken on African cultures. This study aims to cast light on the experiences of Afrikaans-speaking young female adults in relation to older people, using the Mmogo-method®, a visual projective data collection method. Eighteen young female adults (aged 21–30), all students, were purposefully selected and willingly participated. The four phases of the Mmogo-method were applied, for which participants used unstructured materials, and based on an open-ended
prompt constructed visual representations of their interactional experiences in relation to significant older people. Visual representations were discussed individually as well as in a group setting, thereby obtaining personal and group experiences simultaneously. Visual data were analyzed using Roos and Redelinghuys’s proposed six steps, and textual data (verbatim transcriptions of personal and group discussions) were thematically analyzed. All participants were related to significant older people as grandparents. The relational interactions between young female adults and their grandparents emerged on a continuum of emotional closeness and distance: extremely and uncomfortably close, comfortably close, reasonably distant and inaccessible, and extremely distant and totally inaccessible. From the young adults’ perspective, relational interactions at the extremes of the continuum (too close or too distant) are experienced as ineffective, while comfortably close, as effective. Empathy as a relational characteristic created reciprocal feelings of closeness. Awarenessmaking of an empathic stance in intergenerational relationships might increase the support and care rendered through intergenerational relationships.
Journal article
Respect in intergenerational relationships: Young adult women’s motivations.
Van Biljon, L. & Roos, V., & O’Reilly, S.
Journal of Intergenerational Relationships Vol 17, Issue 1, Pages 25-41
Abstract
Care and respect are two sides of the same coin, yet very little is known about respect shown by younger women in relation to people aged 60 and older. This study sets out to explore what motivates young adult women to respect older people. Twenty-five post-graduate women from a tertiary education institution in South Africa participated in the Mmogo-method®, a projective visual data-collection method, to produce textual and visual data. These were analysed using sequential and visual analysis. Findings reported combinations of motivational types for respect of older people, on a continuum from extrinsic (socialised normative values) to intrinsic (personal choice and empathy), and from conditional to unconditional, namely: extrinsic/ conditional; extrinsic/unconditional; self-motivated/conditional and self-motivated/unconditional. Respect as an impact on relational interactions between people is either constructive and encouraging or damaging and disparaging. Interpersonal risks are associated with motivation and this could affect future interactions and manifestations of intergenerational respect.
Journal article
Do wage and wage satisfaction compensate for the effects of a dissatisfying job on life satisfaction?
De Coning, J., Rothmann, S., & Stander, M.W.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 45, Issue 0, Pages a1552. https://doi. org/10.4102/sajip.v45i0.1552
Abstract
Orientation: Research regarding subjective well-being (including life satisfaction and domain- specific satisfaction) is necessary, given the effects thereof on health, work performance, social relationships and ethical behaviour of employees.
Research purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relationships among life satisfaction, job satisfaction and wage satisfaction, as well as how these relationships related to gross wage category in a South African sample.
Motivation for the study: While research has shown that wage level and wage satisfaction are positively associated with both job and life satisfaction, the question arises whether wage level and satisfaction would compensate for the negative effect of a dissatisfying job on life satisfaction.
Research approach/design and method: A cross-sectional design was used. A non-probability convenience sample (N = 763) in the form of the WageIndicator data set was obtained. Hierarchical log-linear analyses and cross-tabulations were carried out to determine the relationships that existed among the constructs.
Main findings: Although job satisfaction and wage satisfaction were strongly related at a low level of wage satisfaction, fewer people were satisfied with their jobs at a high level of wage satisfaction level. Moreover, while job and life satisfaction were strongly related at a low level of job satisfaction level, relatively fewer people were satisfied with their lives at a high level of job satisfaction level. Wage dissatisfaction was associated with dissatisfaction with life but was more strongly associated with life satisfaction at a high level of wage satisfaction. Wage category and wage satisfaction did not interact with the job satisfaction level in affecting life satisfaction.
Practical/managerial implications: Managers should attend to the perceptions of wage dissatisfaction at low wage and wage satisfaction levels. Such dissatisfaction may have a negative impact on the job and life satisfaction of employees and result in detrimental effects on employees and organisations.
Contribution/value-add: This study contributes to scientific knowledge regarding the relationships between wage, wage satisfaction, job dissatisfaction and life satisfaction.
Journal article
Workplace flourishing: Measurement, antecedents, and outcomes.
Redelinghuys, J.J., Rothmann, S., & Botha, E.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 45(0), a1549. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v45i0.1549
Abstract
Orientation: The continuous growth of employee attrition, especially within the highly skilled talent pool, is becoming increasingly problematic. Therefore, one should continually explore the different factors that impact employee retention and performance. This casts the attention to the person–environment fit and workplace flourishing (WF).
Research purpose: This study explored relationships among person–environment fit, WF, intention to leave (ITL), in-role performance and organisational citizenship behaviour.
Motivation for the study: Disease-driven research heavily outweighs health promotion research. Therefore, more research is needed regarding positive employee behaviours such as strengths, optimal functioning and flourishing.
Research approach/design and method: A cross-sectional survey design was used with 258 secondary school teachers from two Gauteng districts. The Perceived Fit, Flourishing-at-Work, Turnover Intention, In-Role Behaviour and Organisational Citizenship Behaviour scales were administered. Structural equation modelling and mediational analyses were performed.
Main findings: Results confirmed WF’s three-factor structure. Person–environment fit positively associated with WF. Workplace flourishing negatively related to ITL, while positively relating to in-role performance and organisational citizenship behaviour. Person–environment fit indirectly affected in-role performance and organisational citizenship behaviour via WF.
Practical/managerial implications: Organisations should continually modify their strategic frameworks to maintain a healthy balance between individual and environmental characteristics. This will lay the foundation for a favourable work environment. When such an environment is institutionalised, talent retention and performance should follow.
Contribution/value-add: The study results should provide new insight into the relationship between the person–environment fit and WF, as well as the effect it may have on ITL and performance.
Journal article
Cultural, national, and individual diversity and their relationship to the experience of meaningful work
Rothmann, S., Weiss, L., & Redelinghuys, J.J,
In Yeoman, R., Bailey, C., Madden, A., & Thompson, M. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of meaningful work (pp. 429-445). London: Oxford University Press.
Abstract
Meaningful work appears to be critical to individual and organizational outcomes for different countries and diverse individuals and cultures. Steger (2017) suggests that it is necessary to move beyond engagement and commitment to focus on meaningful work as an essential lever to improve individual functioning and organizational performance. Yeoman (2014) argues that meaningful work is a human need, which all people require to satisfy their interest in autonomy, freedom, and dignity. Western psychology primarily focuses on the subjective dimension of meaning-making and on the level of autonomy individuals experience in determining which goals, values, and meanings individuals want to endorse in their lives (Delle Fave et al., 2013b). However, it neglects contextual factors such as culture. The presence of meaningful work is linked to how people view themselves (Baumeister, 1991), and cultural influences on the self may influence experienced meaning (Steger et al., 2008). Therefore, culture shapes the experiences individuals regard as meaningful (Kitayama and Markus, 2000). It affects the values and norms of its members (Erez and Gati, 2004). Values and norms are transmitted from one generation to another via social learning (eg modeling and observation).
Journal article
Illness perception of adolescents with well-controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Jonker, D., Deacon, E., Van Rensburg, E., & Segal, D.
Health Psychology Open Vol 5, Issue 2, Pages 1-9
Abstract
In this study, to explore the illness perceptions of adolescents with well-controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus in South Africa, semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine, purposively selected adolescents (mean = 13.9 years; median = 12). Themes that emerged from the thematic analysis include the following: accepting diabetes and the diabetes care plan as part of their lives; viewing diabetes as manageable and as their responsibility; and the important role of gaining information on diabetes and diabetes management. These perceptions contributed to adherence to diabetes care plans and should be explored and developed among adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus to improve their diabetes management.
Journal article
Pathways to flourishing: Internal strategies of pharmacy students.
Basson, M. J. J., & Rothmann, S.
International Journal of Pharmacy Practice Vol 26, Issue 5, Pages 458-464
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether flourishing students use different emotion regulation strategies from moderately mentally healthy and languishing students. Registered pharmacy students (779) at the North-West University in South Africa completed the emotion regulation profile and Mental Health Continuum – Short Form. The data were analysed using a latent class analysis in Mplus 7.31. Three latent classes were revealed comprising languishing (14.2%), moderately mentally healthy (47.5%) and flourishing students (38.3%). Students who flourished were more likely to use adaptive positive emotion regulation strategies (savouring the moment, behavioural display, capitalising). Students who languished were inclined to use maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (inattention, fault finding, external attribution). Flourishing students increase or maintain their positive emotions and refrain from decreasing their positive emotions.
Journal article
School principal support, and teachers’ work engagement and intention to leave: The role of psychological need satisfaction
Rothmann, S., & Fouché, E.
In M. Coetzee, I.L. Potgieter, & N. Ferreira (Eds.), Psychology of retention: Theory, research and practice Vol Cham, Switzerland: Springer. , Pages pp. 137-156
Abstract
The study reported in this chapter contributes to understanding the retention of teachers by analysing the relationships between perceived school principal support, and teachers’ psychological need satisfaction, engagement and intention to leave. A total of 513 secondary school teachers in public schools in South Africa participated in a cross-sectional survey. The School Principal Behaviour Scale, Work-related Basic Need Satisfaction Scale, Work Engagement Scale and Intention to Leave Scale were administered. Principal support was positively related to teachers’ psychological need satisfaction and work engagement, and negatively related to intention to leave. Principal support affected work engagement positively and intention to leave negatively via teachers’ autonomy satisfaction.
Journal article
Life stories managing chronic illness: Young adults’ lived experiences with type 1 diabetes.
Willemse, M., Deacon, E., & Segal, D.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 28, Issue 4, Pages 336-339
Abstract
This study aimed to characterise diabetes management experiences of South African young adults living with well-controlled type 1 diabetes (n = 8, female = 5, male = 3, age range = 20–25). The young adults told life stories managing their type 1 diabetes. Thematic analysis revealed the young adults to construct personal identities as people living with type 1 diabetes, to mostly utilise emotion-focused management strategies and social support for successful living with type 1 diabetes. Behavioural health strategies appear important for living well with this chronic insulin deficiency condition.
Journal article
Hope, religiosity, and subjective well-being.
Nell, W., & Rothmann, S.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 28, Issue 4, Pages 253-260
Abstract
This study explored the relationship between religiosity, hope, and subjective well-being among 430 South African university students (n = 324) and their family members (n = 104) (70 2% female; 88 4% black; 8 4% white). Data were gathered utilising measures of religiosity, hope, satisfaction with life, and affect balance We applied structural equation modelling to examine both the direct effects of religiosity on hope, as well as the indirect effects of religiosity on life satisfaction and positive and negative affect via hope as mediator Findings suggest pathway and agency hope to mediate the relationships between religiosity and life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect Specifically, religiosity predicted higher levels of life satisfaction and positive affect, and lower levels of negative affect via agency hope. The results suggest agency hope to mediate the relationship between religiosity and subjective well-being.
Journal article
Job demands and resources: Flourishing and job performance in South African universities of technology settings
Janse van Rensburg, C., Rothmann, S., & Diedericks, E.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 28, Issue 4, Pages 291-297
Abstract
We investigated the extent to which perceived job demands and resources influenced work-related flourishing and job performance among academic staff in South African universities of technology Participants were 339 lecturers from three universities of technology (female = 53 8%; junior lecturers = 15 7%; mean age = 45 years, SD = 10 years; job tenure = 77 3% more than five years). Lecturers completed job demands, job resources, flourishing at work, and job performance measures. We utilised latent variable modelling to predict flourishing at work and job performance scores from job demands and resources scores. The results indicated job resources (specifically role clarity, advancement, and remuneration) to predict flourishing at work Role clarity and flourishing at work predicted job performance. In line with job demands theory, the availability of resources was positively associated with flourishing at work and job performance of academic employees.
Journal article
Social workers' views on pre-trial therapy in cases of child sexual abuse in South Africa.
Fouché, A., & Le Roux, M. P.
Child Abuse and Neglect Vol 76, Pages 23-33
Abstract
This study sought to explore anecdotal reports that social workers in South Africa are often advised to postpone therapy with child complainants of sexual abuse until after the child's testimony, based on concerns of legal professionals that therapeutic interventions could influence the child's testimony. Applying purposive sampling and a qualitative research study, individual and focus group interviews were conducted with 18 social workers and one psychologist that provide therapeutic services to child complainants of sexual abuse in the Gauteng province. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and independently analyzed by both researchers, performing thematic analysis. Emerging themes include a lack of directives in terms of the provision of pre-trial therapy for child victims of sexual abuse, current practices and challenges in this regard. Recommendations for the way forward are presented. Limitations and future research will be discussed.
Journal article
Understanding young adult’s adjusting to diabetes management behavior: Multi-methods approach.
Deacon, E.
Psychology and Psychological Research International Journal Vol 3, Issue 7, Pages 1-12
Abstract
Young adults living with diabetes experience unique challenges related to their developmental stage. A number of variables, including illness perception, social support and meaning in life influence their adjusting to diabetes management behavior. Although managing diabetes is a challenge to most young adults, this study proposed studying those who does manage diabetes well to get a better understanding of the processes involved. The aim of this study was to explore and understand how developmentally appropriate challenges and psychological health variables play a role in diabetes self-management of young adults living with well-controlled type 1 diabetes in South Africa. This study employed an exploratory, multi-methods design with an overall qualitative, quantitative (QUAL – quant) research approach. Specialisedcentres for diabetes care were used. Six (6) young adults, aged 19 – 25 years, with well-controlled type 1 diabetes took part in this study. Semi-structured interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and thematically analysed. Data were coded using ATLAS.ti. Through an iterative process, major themes emerged from the data. Self-report questionnaires were used to quantify inter-relationships in thematic data. Diabetes management behaviors were found to be compromised by the young adult’s challenges towards establishing an autonomous identity, experiences of emotional distress as well as frustration pertaining to diabetes treatment plans and experience of social support received by family and friends. Seeking a new normal life- style incorporating diabetes management behaviors was the most significant contributor to engage in a meaning-making process.
Journal article
Generational differences in workplace motivation.
Heyns, M.M., & Kerr, M.D.
South African Journal of Human Resource Management Vol 16(0), Issue a967.
Abstract
Despite increasing age diversity in the workforce, organisations still know relatively little about how potentially diverging motivational needs of the various generations might influence motivational strategies and organisational performance. To explore the relationship between multigenerational workforces and employee motivation within a South African workplace setting from a self-determination theory perspective. The pursuit of performance excellence requires an understanding of the enablers of optimal performance. In South Africa, the workplace landscape is changing fast as younger generations are joining the workforce in rapidly growing numbers. These younger employees are often believed to differ quite drastically from the older generations in terms of their values and priorities, which necessitates a deeper understanding of the motivational drivers of the different cohorts as these manifest within a workplace environment. A cross-sectional survey approach and a quantitative research design were used (N = 164). Two questionnaires founded on self-determination theory were administered, namely the Work-Related Basic Need Satisfaction Scale and the Work Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation Scale. Findings contradict the popular notion that generational cohorts differ significantly from each other in terms of diverging intrinsic and extrinsic motivational preferences that may influence their behaviour at work. With regard to the degrees of satisfaction of the basic psychological needs that drive autonomous, intrinsically motivated behaviour specifically, no practically significant differences were found either. There was, however, one notable difference, namely in the indicated degree of satisfaction of the psychological need for autonomy between Generation Y and Generation X cohorts. Management is advised to cultivate a motivational climate that promotes autonomously motivated behaviour in general and to focus on specific known individual motivational preferences that may exist within groups rather than approaching generational cohorts as homogenous groups. This study contributes to the limited research regarding similarities and differences in the intrinsic versus extrinsic motivational stance of three different generations as these manifest within a workplace setting in an emerging economy country. Findings afford management insight into motivational processes that are most influential among generational cohorts and assist them in adapting suitable motivational strategies that can ultimately improve retention of valued employees.
Journal article
Explanations of resilience in women and girls: How applicable to black South African girls.
Jefferis, T., & Theron, L.C.
Women’s Studies International Forum Vol 69, Pages 195-211
Abstract
Our aim in this article is to explore what is known about resilience in women and girls; to theorise how gender roles are reflected in women's and girls' resilience processes; and to explore how apposite researchers' explanations of resilience are for black South African girls. We1 conducted a systematic review entailing a qualitative synthesis using relevant qualitative studies focusing on resilience in girls and women of all ages and from diverse cultural groups. Findings from studies that report predominantly on the experiences of Western women suggest that women's and girls' resilience-supporting mechanisms (agency and strength-fostering spirituality) are cultivated through constructive relational contexts that offer emotional and pragmatic support. Gender-roles of interdependence, the physical and emotional caretaking of others, and emotional expressiveness manifest in resilience-supporting mechanisms through complex person-context interactions. However, if the context- and culturally-specific nature of resilience is taken into account, explanations of resilience in black South African girls are limited, and further robust research on the subject is needed.
Journal article
Measuring impact and contributions of South African universities in communities: The case of North-West University.
Coetzee, H. C., & Nell, H. W.
Development Southern Africa
Abstract
Using the North-West University (NWU) as a case study, this article argues for and demonstrates the value of empirically assessing the impact of universities on their communities. A cross-sectional survey design (n = 984) was used to investigate the NWUs impact on three different communities, as well as to empirically assess the needs of these communities. Results suggest that community-based projects and services, work-integrated learning activities, and, to a lesser extent, the quantity and quality of a university’s graduate students, as well as initiatives such as science and engineering weeks, open days, sports weeks, and botanical gardens likely represent the most powerful and viable avenues for universities to achieve impact in their communities, especially when such endeavours are specifically tailored to community needs. The findings also suggest that universities’ outputs do not necessarily equate with or guarantee impact, and that impact is optimised when outreach activities are based on the actual needs of communities.
Journal article
Young adults’ experiences regarding mobile phone use in relation to older persons: Implications for care.
Roos, V., & Robertson, C.
Qualitative Social Work
Abstract
This article explores the relational experiences of young Setswana-speaking adults in South Africa in relation to older persons’ use of mobile phones and highlights implications for older adults’ care. Research was conducted qualitatively with 14 (9 women and 5 men) young Setswana-speaking adults (19 to 25 years of age) participating in the Mmogo-methodR. Findings revealed older persons’ needs for mediation from young adults in order to use mobile phones and to contact people. Young adults provided instrumental support for older persons in relation to mobile phone usage but the subjective impact of these interactions determined the nature of relational interactions both for young adults and older persons. Focusing on the young adults, if a negative impact had been experienced, they ignored older persons’ care needs or retaliated. In contrast, if the impact had been pleasant, young adults provided assistance unconditionally. A significant implication of the findings is that relational dynamics in moving for control in intergenerational relations involving mobile phone usage challenged the traditional complementarily-defined relationship of older persons leading and young adults assuming a submissive position. Consequently, a constant struggle for control between older persons and young adults around mobile phones interfered with assistance that might have been provided for older persons. Subjective experiences of relational interactions either led to a delay in care for older persons or increased the probability of providing care. Implications for social work practice and the training of social work students are discussed.
Journal article
Resilience over time: Learning from school-attending adolescents living in conditions of structural inequality.
Theron, L. & Van Rensburg, A.
Journal of Adolescence Vol 67, Pages 167–178
Abstract
Introduction: Cross-sectional studies offer inadequate understandings of adolescent resilience. Nevertheless, few longitudinal studies account for the resilience of school-attending adolescents challenged by the structural disadvantages associated with South African township residence. This prompts two questions: (i) Do the same (or different) resilience-enabling resources inform township-dwelling, school-attending adolescents' resilience accounts when they self-explain their resilience at two distinct points in time? (ii) Which resilience-enabling resources, if any, become significantly more (or less) salient over time and how do township-dwelling, school-attending adolescents explain the resilience-enabling value of these resources? Methods: To answer the aforementioned, we conducted a longitudinal qualitative study with 140, township-dwelling, school-attending, South African adolescents (62.1% girls; mean age: 13.8 years [Time 1]; 15.8 years [Time 2]). They completed a draw-and-write activity. This generated visual and narrative data that we analysed using multiple methods (content analyses, chi square tests of frequency counts, and thematic analysis). Results: A comparison of school-attending adolescents' accounts of their resilience at two points in time revealed the longevity of nine, generic resilience-enabling resources. A comparison of how frequently adolescents reported these resources at Time 1 and 2 showed significant increases for education, faith-based supports, and peer support. A comparison of adolescents' reasons for identifying these three resources showed that education promises an improved future, while all three facilitate respite from hardship and/or mastery over current challenges. Conclusion: The salience of education, faith-based supports, and peer support can be explained using developmental, contextual and cultural perspectives. This explanation prompts pragmatic and cautionary lessons for resilience advocates.
Journal article
Cell phone usage relational regulation strategies of older South Africans
Steyn, S., Roos, V., & Botha, K.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 28, Issue 3, Pages 201-205
Abstract
This study explored older South Africans’ relational regulation strategies in using their cell phones to address their social goals and psychosocial needs. Nineteen older South Africans (17 female; 2 male), aged 60 and older, who had access to a cell phone and represented different socio-economic levels based on the Living Standard Measurement (LSM) scale, participated in the Mmogo-method®, a visual data-collection method. Thematic and visual analysis revealed that the subjective assessment of cell phone users’ competence determined the type of relational regulation strategy they apply. Findings revealed older persons to adopt three relational regulation strategies in their cell phone use: (i) postponement of need satisfaction; (ii) asking directly; or (iii) negotiating for needs satisfaction. The findings might facilitate programmes that promote cell phone use in older persons to address their social needs and promote healthy intergenerational interactions.
Journal article
Online social media fatigue and psychological wellbeing
Dhir, A., Yossatorn, Y., Kaur, P., & Chen, S.
International Journal of Information Management Vol 40, Pages 141-152
Abstract
The constant development of online social media features and related services has constantly attracted and increased the number of social media users. But, at the same time, a myriad of users have deviated themselves, temporarily or permanently, from social media use due to social media fatigue. Scholars have investigated different antecedents and consequences of social media fatigue. However, empirical relationships between psychosocial wellbeing and social media fatigue are currently not known. To bridge this gap, the current study utilises the stressor-strain-outcome framework (SSO) to examine whether psychosocial wellbeing measures, such as compulsive media use and fear of missing out, trigger fatigue and, furthermore, whether social media fatigue results in anxiety and depression. The study utilised repeated cross-sectional methodology whereby two waves of data (N = 1554, 1144) were collected to test the research model with adolescent social media users in India. The study findings suggest that compulsive media use significantly triggered social media fatigue, which later result in elevated anxiety and depression. Fear of missing out indirectly predicted social media fatigue through mediation of compulsive social media use. The theoretical and practical implications, limitations of the present study and agenda for future studies are presented and discussed.
Journal article
Why do young people tag photos on social networking sites?
Dhir, A., Kaur, P., & Rajala, R.
International Journal of Information Management Vol 38, Pages 117–127
Abstract
Scholars have emphasized an urgent need to investigate the determinants of user intentions to share content on social networking sites (SNS). A growing share of the content in social media is visual ? including Photos ? which users can share by tagging. To improve the understanding of the determinants of social media users’ behavioral intention to share content, this study investigates why people tag photos on SNS. A comprehensive research model was developed based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) and Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). The validity of the extended UTAUT2 model was tested on a new form of technology use which is not only timely but is much desired by the scholars engaged in information systems research. The research model investigates the role of habit, hedonic motivation, facilitating conditions, social influence, effort expectancy, performance expectancy, social presence, social status, and self-efficacy in influencing the user intentions to engage in photo-tagging. The research model was tested using a cross-sectional study of 780 adolescent Facebook users. The findings suggest that only habit and hedonic motivation have a significant direct influence on the user’s intentions to tag photos. The study contributes to the theorizing of the role of habits and hedonic motivations in user behaviors in the SNS and provides new insights into these factors for the managers of social media sites.
Journal article
Contextual factors and the experience of unemployment
Du Toit, M., De Witte, H., Rothmann, S. & Van den Broeck, A.
South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences Vol 21, Issue 1, a2083, Pages https://doi.org/ 10.4102/sajems.v21i1.2083
Abstract
This study aimed to review qualitative studies on the contextual factors affecting the experience of unemployed individuals. From the analysis of the findings of 13 qualitative studies, the conclusion was reached that the contextual factors, namely the broader society, the surrounding community, and the individual as actor or agent, had a direct impact on the unemployment experience of individuals. It was recommended that unemployed individuals be organised into community subgroups, constructed to participate in projects aimed at empowering the community to improve cohesion, equality among members, and a collaborative attitude. Social scientists ought to make an effort to advocate a marked improvement in society’s tolerance for, and understanding of, the realities faced by the unemployed person. One such reality was that a well-paying job that would take an individual out of financial hardship could be well out of reach of some individuals, which would mean a life of surviving without any regular income.
Journal article
Rationale for “liking” on social networking sites
Dhir, A., Khalil, A., Kaur, P., & Rajala, R.
Social Science Computer Review Pages 1-22
Abstract
The “like” feature is popularly utilized by online social media users for different reasons including socializing, giving feedback and giving or seeking attention as well as for pure affection. The “like” function is a gamified element of social networking sites used billions of times per day. Despite its widespread use in the social media space, little is known about the different factors that influence Facebook users’ “like” continuation intention or the game mechanics of “like.” To address this relevant issue, a cross-sectional survey was administered with 728 adolescent Facebook users (12–18 years old). This study utilized the theory of planned behavior to investigate the role of attitude (hedonic motivation, reciprocal benefit, and social presence), subjective norms (primary influence and secondary influence), and perceived behavioral control (self-efficacy and habit) in influencing the continuation intention of “like” as well as the influence of self-efficacy and habit on the game mechanics of “like.” This investigation addresses the urgent need to understand better the postadoption issues as well as the intentions to use specific features of social media. The results suggest that social presence, primary and secondary influence, self-efficacy, and habit significantly predicted Facebook “like” continuation intention. Furthermore, self-efficacy and habit significantly predicted the game mechanics of “like.” Different theoretical and practical implications of the study are presented and discussed in light of prior information systems literature.
Journal article
Communication challenges from safety incident investigations: Learnings for sociotechnical systems design.
Goede, F.
Risk and Uncertainty Conference Amsterdam: Contested Facts
Abstract
Paper
A psychosocial typology of the unemployed in South Africa.
Van der Vaart, L., De Witte, H., Van den Broeck, A., & Rothmann, S.
South African Journal of Psychology Vol 48, Issue 2, Pages 179-192
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether there were different types of unemployed people in South Africa. A psychosocial typology, developed in Europe, identified five types of unemployed people based on their attitudes, behaviour, and experiences. To determine whether the same types could be found in South Africa, we studied a convenience sample of 381 unemployed individuals residing in the Potchefstroom area in the North West province in South Africa. Latent class analysis indicated that only four types of unemployed could be identified in this study: optimists, the desperate, the discouraged, and the adapted. Significant associations were found among these types and background characteristics, mostly in line with previous research. The results may be utilised to design interventions tailored to the different types of unemployed people.
Journal article
Book review - Parenthood between generations: Transforming reproductive cultures, by Siân Pooley and Kaveri Qureshi (Eds.)
Hoffman, J.
Journal of Population Ageing Vol 11, Issue 2, Pages 209-212
Abstract
Journal article
Unemployment experiences in context: A phenomenological study in two townships in South Africa
Du Toit, M., De Witte, H., Rothmann, S., & Van den Broeck, A.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 28, Issue 2, Pages 122-127
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the unemployment experience of residents of a historically disadvantaged South African neighbourhood. Informants were twelve black community members (females = 75%; age ranges: 20 to 29 = 58.3%, and 30 to 39 = 33.3%). Individual interviews were conducted with the participants. Thematic analysis of the data revealed that participants valued employment despite their present unemployment. They indicated that being unemployed is a painful experience, but that they also held an optimistic view of a future in which they would have employment. The findings further suggest that diminished social support by the community and public social welfare agencies aggravate negative experiences of unemployment. Employment support programmes are needed to connect the unemployed to job networks; as well as to empower those who are unemployed to fulfil their positive work participation expectations.
Journal article
Childhood sexual abuse trauma-causing dynamics experienced by women survivors: A scoping literature review.
Henning, M., Walker-Williams, H.J. & Fouché, A.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 28, Issue 2, Pages 168-174
Abstract
This scoping literature review reports on the major themes to emerge from 23 retrospective studies on the trauma-causing dynamics experienced by women survivors of a historical childhood sexual abuse (CSA) trauma. We identified the studies from searching the following data bases for the period 1983–2016: EbscoHost (Academic Search Premiere, Africa-Wide Information, E-Journals, ERIC, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, SocINDEX), SAePublications, Science Direct, CrossRef (APA PsycNET), Google scholar (ResearchGate), PubMed Central, and Cochrane Reviews. For the selection criteria, we included empirical studies on self-reported trauma-causing dynamics experienced by women survivors, without restriction on method of study. Results from the thematic analysis of findings suggest the women survivors appear to be living with historical traumatic sexualisation, betrayal of trust, social stigmatisation, powerlessness, developmental arrest, and revictimization. Historical traumas should be considered in counselling support interventions with women self-reporting CSA.
Journal article
Antecedents of basic psychological need satisfaction of pharmacy students: The role of peers, family, lecturers and workload.
Basson, M.J. & Rothmann, S.
Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy Vol 14, Issue 4, Pages 372-381
Abstract
Self-determination theory (SDT) provides a model to improve pharmacy students' wellbeing or functioning in their study context. According to SDT, students need a context that satisfies their needs for autonomy, relatedness and competence in order to function optimally. Contextual factors that could have an impact on a student's functioning are lecturers, family, peers and workload. To investigate whether there is a difference between the contributions family, lecturers, peers and workload make towards the satisfaction of pharmacy students' basic psychological needs within a university context. An electronic survey was administered amongst students registered with the North-West University's School of Pharmacy. Registered pharmacy students, 779, completed said electronic survey comprised of a questionnaire on demographics, BMPN (Balanced Measure of Psychological Needs) and self-developed ANPNS (Antecedents of Psychological Need-satisfaction Scale). Data derived from the afore-going was analysed with the aid of structural equation modelling (SEM). Structural equation modelling explained 46%, 25% and 30% respectively of the total group's variances in autonomy, competence and relatedness satisfaction, and 26% of the variance in psychological need frustration. Peers and family played a significant role in the satisfaction of students' need for autonomy, relatedness and competence, whilst workload seemingly hampered satisfaction with regards to relatedness and autonomy. Workload contributed towards frustration with regards to psychological need satisfaction. The role played by lecturers in satisfying pharmacy students' need for autonomy, relatedness and competence will also be highlighted. This study added to the body of knowledge regarding contextual factors and the impact those factors have on pharmacy students' need satisfaction by illustrating that not all factors (family, lecturers, peers and workload) can be considered equal. Lecturers ought to recognise the important role family and peers play in the emotional and mental wellbeing of students and utilise those factors in their teaching.
Journal article
Demands–abilities fit, work beliefs, meaningful work and engagement in nature-based jobs.
De Crom, N., & Rothmann, S.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 44(0), a1496. , Pages https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v44i0.1496
Abstract
Meaningful work and personal engagement are important dimensions of flourishing of employees, especially when individuals work in challenging jobs. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between demands–abilities fit, work beliefs, meaningful work and engagement in individuals in nature-based jobs. Individuals working in nature often work under challenging circumstances without the necessary resources. A research gap exists regarding the effects of demands–abilities fit and work beliefs on meaningful work. It is also not clear how these antecedents and meaningful work will impact the engagement of individuals working in nature. A cross-sectional survey was used with a convenience sample of 161 nature-based employees. Data were collected using a structured online questionnaire consisting of items from the demands–abilities fit scale, work–life questionnaire, work and meaning Inventory, work engagement scale and a biographical questionnaire. Work beliefs (calling, career and job) and demands–abilities fit predicted a large percentage of the variance in meaning making. Work beliefs (calling and job) and demands–abilities fit also predicted a large percentage of the variance in greater good motivations. Demands–abilities fit and a calling work orientation indirectly affected work engagement via meaningful work. The scales which measured calling and job orientations showed insufficient discriminant validity in relation to the scales which measured positive meaning and work engagement. Managers should consider implementing interventions to affect the demands–abilities fit (through human resource management interventions) and work beliefs of individuals working in nature (through job crafting). Promoting perceptions of meaningful work might contribute to higher personal engagement. Contribution or value-add: This study contributes to scientific knowledge regarding the effects of meaningful work and its antecedents on personal engagement.
Journal article
Social participation of students with special educational needs
Schwab, S., Nel, M., & Hellmich, F.
European Journal of Special Needs Education Vol 33, Issue 2, Pages 163-165
Abstract
The social participation of students with special educational needs (SEN) is currently gaining increasing attention in research. This is reflected in recent events such as the ‘Mini-conference on Social Inclusion of Students with Disabilities in General Education’ which has been organised by Professors Anke de Boer and Katja Petry in spring 2017 at the University of Groningen (the Netherlands) where many international researchers shared their research on this topic. Furthermore, a special issue on the social and emotional development of students with SEN in inclusive and exclusive settings has also been published in a German-language journal which was guest edited by Miller, Streese, and Schwab (2016). In order to provide an opportunity for larger international exposure to this topic one of the editors, Susanne Schwab, decided to search for an international journal to edit a special issue, specifically on the social participation of students with SEN. Over the last decades, publications focusing on social participation of students with SEN has also grown substantially within the European Journal of Special Needs Education. Consequently, the editors of the journal were kind enough to grant a special issue. The editors included Susanne Schwab (Germany), Mirna Nel (South Africa) and Frank Helmich (Germany). Within this special issue, we aimed to highlight the importance of research on social participation of students with SEN, enhance the available literature and encouraged researchers to fill actual gaps in research.
Journal article
Adolescent perceptions of resilience-promoting resources: The South African pathways to resilience study.
Van Rensburg, A., Theron, L., & Rothmann, S.
South African Journal of Psychology Vol 48, Issue 1, Pages 73–85
Abstract
Resilience, or being well-adjusted despite facing adversity that predicts negative life outcomes, is a process that is scaffolded by resilience-enabling supports. How well resilience-enabling resources support positive adjustment depends, in part, on adolescents’ perceptions of the availability and usefulness of such resources. Currently, there is limited quantitative, generalisable evidence of the aforementioned. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to document how two groups of Sesotho-speaking adolescents perceived available social-ecological resources and how significantly varied perceptions related to these adolescents’ use of formal supports. The advisory panel to the Pathways to Resilience Study clustered participating adolescents into a resilient group (n = 221) and vulnerable, or service-using, group (n = 186). In comparison with the service-using adolescents, resilient
adolescents reported significantly higher perceptions of physical and psychological caregiving. Analyses of variance revealed that higher perceptions of caregiving were associated with higher voluntary and lower mandatory service usage. We concluded that relationship-building was a crucial resilience mechanism and would, therefore, encourage psychologists to both prioritise and facilitate caregiving.
Journal article
Volitional trust, autonomy satisfaction and engagement at work
Heyns, M.M. & Rothmann, S.
Psychological Reports Vol 121, Issue 1, Pages 112-134
Abstract
This study tested a structural model that identifies the nature of relationships between trust, autonomy satisfaction, and personal engagement at work. A cross-sectional survey design with a convenience sample (n = 252) was used. The Behavioral Trust Inventory, Work-Related Basic Need Satisfaction Scale, and Work Engagement Scale were administered. While reliance-based trust did not have a significant influence on engagement, disclosure-based trust in a focal leader was found to predict satisfaction of autonomy needs and employee engagement. Mediation analyses revealed that satisfaction of the need for autonomy facilitates the influence of trust on work outcomes. More specifically, disclosure (a dimension of trust) impacted engagement via autonomy satisfaction. Overall, the model explained 44% of total variance in engagement, to which the variables proportionately contributed as follows: autonomy satisfaction = 79.58%, disclosure = 18.22%, and reliance = 2.20%. The findings provide possible directions for how leaders can leverage trust to facilitate autonomy support and higher levels of engagement.
Journal article
Sexual values, attitudes, self-esteem, and mental health of African adolescent males.
Kheswa, J.G., Van Eeden, E., Rothmann, S., & Bothma, E.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 27, Issue 6, Pages 477-482
Abstract
This study investigated the relationships between sexual values and attitudes, self-esteem, and mental health among black South African adolescents. Adolescent males (n = 522) aged between 13 and 21 years participated in the study. They completed the Mathteck Sexuality Questionnaire for Adolescents: Attitude and Value Inventory, the Rosenburg Self-esteem Scale, and the Mental Health Continuum. Structural Equation Modelling (Mplus 7.31) was computed to identify an explanatory model for sexual values and attitudes as correlated to self-esteem and mental health of black adolescent males. Results suggest the youth’s self-esteem significantly mediate the relationship between mental health and sexual values and attitudes. Specifically, mental health had indirect effects on values about sexuality and on healthy attitudes towards aspects of intimacy, through the teenagers’ self-esteem.
Journal article
The factor structure of the Social Axioms Survey II (SASII) in the South African context
Barnard, A., Meiring, D., & Rothmann, I.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 27, Issue 6, Pages 522-529
Abstract
The objective of this study was to validate the new Social Axioms Survey II (SASII). The study sample comprised university students (n = 793) as well as their family members and friends (n = 645). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) following an initial exploratory factor analysis yielded a five-factor model: social cynicism, social complexity, reward for application, religiosity, and fate control. The findings of this study support the use of the new SASII in South Africa for research purposes.
Journal article
Voices from the field: Early childhood education in South Africa
Nel, M.
Young Exceptional Children
Abstract
Journal article
Delaying pre-trial therapy to child victims of sexual abuse: An unfounded prevailing culture in South Africa?
Fouché, D. F., & Fouché, A
International Journal of Children's Rights Vol 25, Pages 599-621
Abstract
Due to the statutory obligation to report child sexual abuse to the authorities, children in South Africa are increasingly called to testify in criminal proceedings. A recent qualitative study found that South African parents and social workers are often advised by legal professionals to postpone pre-trial therapy (therapy provided to child witnesses prior to testimony) until after the child’s testimony, based on concerns that therapy could contaminate the child’s version of events, and might ultimately lead to an acquittal of the accused. In this study, the authors analysed selected authoritative documents to explore whether or not any directives exist in respect of the provision of pre-trial therapy to child victims of sexual abuse in South Africa. Our findings suggest that none of the authoritative documents included in our document review specifically mention the rendering of pre-trial therapy to child victims of sexual abuse. Recommendations for policy reform and research are made.
Journal article
Why do young people avoid photo tagging? A new Service Avoidance Scale.
Dhir, A., Kaur, P., & Rajala, R.
Social Science Computer Review Vol 35, Issue 4, Pages 117-127
Abstract
Scholars have emphasized an urgent need to investigate the determinants of user intentions to share content on social networking sites (SNS). A growing share of the content in social media is visual ? including Photos ? which users can share by tagging. To improve the understanding of the determinants of social media users’ behavioral intention to share content, this study investigates why people tag photos on SNS. A comprehensive research model was developed based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) and Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). The validity of the extended UTAUT2 model was tested on a new form of technology use which is not only timely but is much desired by the scholars engaged in information systems research. The research model investigates the role of habit, hedonic motivation, facilitating conditions, social influence, effort expectancy, performance expectancy, social presence, social status, and self-efficacy in influencing the user intentions to engage in photo-tagging. The research model was tested using a cross-sectional study of 780 adolescent Facebook users. The findings suggest that only habit and hedonic motivation have a significant direct influence on the user’s intentions to tag photos. The study contributes to the theorizing of the role of habits and hedonic motivations in user behaviors in the SNS and provides new insights into these factors for the managers of social media sites.
Journal article
Underpinnings of internet parenting styles: The development and validation of the Internet Parenting Scale using repeated cross-sectional studies.
Dhir, A., & Khalil, A.
Journal of Educational Computing Research
Abstract
The overwhelming majority of parents tend to mediate their children’s Internet use via different Internet parenting styles. Recent research suggests that Internet parenting is closely related to the Internet use behavior, development, and well-being of young people. However, despite this, little prior research has investigated the different Internet parenting styles exercised by parents in the developing world. Similarly, the recent literature has also pointed out the urgent need to develop new empirical measures of Internet parenting. This open research gap is addressed by developing a 10-item scale measuring 4 types of Internet parenting style, namely parental encouragement, parental permission, parental worry, and parental monitoring, using a 3-stage investigation involving repeated cross-sectional surveys. The prior Internet parenting literature exclusively focused on developed countries in the West and Far East, while developing countries have rarely been studied. The present study has addressed this gap by recruiting adolescent and young-adult Internet users from India. The study results suggest that the Internet parenting scale has a stable factorial structure, and sufficient instrument validity and reliability over time. Furthermore, it is also valid for adolescents attending public schools and young-adult Internet users. This study offers different theoretical and practical implications for researchers engaged in interdisciplinary research on the Internet and youth.
Journal article
Supervisor support, flourishing and intention to leave in a higher education setting.
Janse van Rensburg, C., Rothmann, S., & Diedericks, E
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 27, Issue 5, Pages 412-419
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between supervisor support, flourishing at work, and intention to leave in a South African higher education setting. Participants comprised a convenience sample of 339 academic employees from three universities of technology. They completed the Supervisor Behaviour Scale (SBS), Flourishing-at-Work Scale (Short Form: FAWS-SF), and the Turnover Intention Scale (TIS). The results showed that supervisor support (autonomy, competence, and relatedness of employees) predicted employees’ flourishing at work. Higher supervisor support was associated with lower intention to leave. Employees with work flourishing were less likely to report intention to leave.
Journal article
Pre-trial therapy for child witnesses in cases of sexual abuse: A scoping literature review.
Fouché, D. F., & Fouché, A.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 27, Issue 5, Pages 462-471
Abstract
Globally, child complainants of sexual abuse are expected to testify in criminal proceedings and in some countries therapy is delayed until after the child testifies as not to contaminate the child’s version of events. We carried out a scoping review of the literature on the provision of pre-trial therapy to child witnesses in cases of sexual abuse, to identity pertinent practice issues. We searched the following data bases: Academic FileOne, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, eBook (EBSCOHost); HeinOnline, OAPEN Library, PscyhARTICLS, PscyhINFO; SocINDEX, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Scopus. We identified white and grey literature for the period spanning 1980 to 2016. Inclusion criteria included studies published in English, experimental studies, literature reviews, and policy documents relating to the provision of pre-trial therapy for child witnesses in criminal cases of sexual abuse. We discovered that an internationally accepted clear definition of pre-trial therapy is needed to ensure a common understanding thereof amongst all role players. A dearth of empirical studies exists and consequently the possible impact of different forms of therapeutic approaches on the child witness’ testimony is yet to be conclusively determined. In the interim, therapists and other role players should be acutely aware of the impact of different forms of therapy on the child witness’s testimony.
Journal article
Resilience processes in sexually abused adolescent girls: A scoping review of the literature.
Haffejee S, Theron L.
South African Journal of Science Vol 113, Issue 9/10, Pages Art.#2016-0318, 9 pages.
Abstract
Childhood sexual abuse is often associated with a number of deleterious psychological and behavioural outcomes for survivors. However, some research suggests that this impact is variable and that some survivors adapt positively. An ability to adapt positively to adversity, under any circumstances, has been termed resilience. Drawing on a socio-ecological understanding of resilience, the aim of this scoping review was to comprehensively map existing empirical studies on resilience processes in sexually abused adolescent girls and to summarise emerging resilience-enabling factors. We also considered the implications of the findings for practice and research. A total of 11 articles met the criteria for inclusion in the review. Findings from these studies suggest that internal factors (meaning making, optimistic future orientation, agency and mastery) and contextual factors (supportive family, social and educational environments) function interdependently to enable resilience in sexually abused adolescent girls. Practitioners should leverage these complementary and interdependent resilience-enabling mechanisms by encouraging greater involvement of girls in the planning of interventions and by assisting girls in developing meaningful narratives about their abuse experiences. Interventions should also encourage greater involvement from supportive structures, while challenging social and cultural norms that inhibit resilience. Resilience researchers should be cognisant of the paucity of research focusing on resilience processes in sexually abused adolescent girls as well as the absence of innovative, participatory methods of data collection.
Journal article
Promoting resilience among Sesotho-speaking adolescent girls: Lessons for South African teachers.
Jefferies, T., & Theron, L.
South African Journal of Education Vol 37, Issue 3, Pages 11 pages, https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v37n3a1391
Abstract
Teachers are a crucial part of young people’s social ecologies. Considering that black South African adolescent girls remain the most marginalised group in South Africa, the purpose of this qualitative, phenomenological study has been to explore if and how teachers champion resilience among black adolescent girls living in rural contexts of structural adversity. Using Draw-and-Talk and Draw-and-Write methods, 28 Sesotho-speaking adolescent girls from the Free State Province of South Africa generated a total of 68 drawings. The drawings were analysed using inductive content analysis. The findings include teachers actively listen and provide guidance; teachers motivate girls towards positive futures; and teachers initiate teacher-girl partnerships. These findings prompt three strategies to support teachers’ championship of resilience, namely pre-empt support; advocate for a changed education landscape; and communicate constructive messages.
Journal article
Psychometric Validation of the Flourishing-at-Work Scale – Short Form (FWS-SF): Results and implications of a South African study.
Rautenbach, C., & Rothmann, S.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 27, Issue 4, Pages 303-309
Abstract
The aim of this study was to validate the Flourishing-at-Work Scale Short Form (FWS-SF) in a South African fast-moving consumable goods industry. Participants were a stratified random sample of 779 employees of an alcoholic beverage company (females = 40.4%, blacks = 33.4%). The FWS-SF and a biographical questionnaire were administered. Latent variable modelling was applied to assess the psychometric properties of the FWS-SF. The results supported the three-factor structure of FWS-SF. Scores from the FWS-SM showed acceptable reliability. A total of 8% of participants were languishing, while 35.9% were flourishing. The FWS-SF appears valid for research use in assessing the work-related well-being of individuals in organisations.
Journal article
Coping self-efficacy and psychosocial well-being of marginalised South African youth.
Melato, S., Van Eeden, C., Rothmann, S., & Bothma, E.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 27, Issue 4, Pages 338-344
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate coping self-efficacy and aspects of psychosocial well-being amongst youth from marginalised backgrounds. A total of 794 black South African marginalised youth (males = 54%, females = 46%, age range between 18 and 30 years) voluntarily participated in this cross-sectional study. The participants completed surveys of coping self-efficacy, mental health, and mood disorder. Structural equation modelling was applied to construct an explanatory model for coping self-efficacy and psychosocial well-being among the marginalised youth. The resulting structural model showed that coping self-efficacy significantly and positively predicted the emotional and psychological dimensions of psychosocial well-being among the youth. Psychosocial well-being was associated with of a lower risk for symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress in these marginalised young people.
Journal article
Opening the black box of electronic health: Collecting, analyzing, and interpreting log data.
Sieverink, F., Kelders, S., Poel, M., & van Gemert-Pijnen, L.
JMIR Research Protocols Vol 6, Issue 8, Pages 1-12
Abstract
In electronic health (eHealth) research, limited insight has been obtained on process outcomes or how the use of technology has contributed to the users’ ability to have a healthier life, improved well-being, or activate new attitudes in their daily tasks. As a result, eHealth is often perceived as a black box. To open this black box of eHealth, methodologies must extend beyond the classic effect evaluations. The analyses of log data (anonymous records of real-time actions performed by each user) can provide continuous and objective insights into the actual usage of the technology. However, the possibilities of log data in eHealth research have not been exploited to their fullest extent. The aim of this paper is to describe how log data can be used to improve the evaluation and understand the use of eHealth technology with a broader approach than only descriptive statistics. This paper serves as a starting point for using log data analysis in eHealth research. Here, we describe what log data is and provide an overview of research questions to evaluate the system, the context, the users of a technology, as well as the underpinning theoretical constructs. We also explain the requirements for log data, the starting points for the data preparation, and methods for data collection. Finally, we describe methods for data analysis and draw a conclusion regarding the importance of the results for both scientific and practical applications. The analysis of log data can be of great value for opening the black box of eHealth. A deliberate log data analysis can give new insights into how the usage of the technology contributes to found effects and can thereby help to improve the persuasiveness and effectiveness of eHealth technology and the underpinning behavioral models.
Journal article
Making meaning of inclusive education: Classroom practices in Finnish and South African classrooms.
Engelbrecht, P., Savolainen, H., Nel, M., Koskela, T. & Okkolin, M-A.
Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education Vol 47, Issue 5, Pages 684-702
Abstract
This paper reports on the findings of an international comparative research project where the roles of teachers in the implementation of inclusive education in mainstream-classroom settings in South Africa and Finland were investigated. Inclusive education within this project is broadly defined as welcoming all students to general-education schools and classrooms and not segregating students on the basis of ability or other individual or sociocultural characteristics. In this paper a qualitative analysis of Finnish and South African teachers’ day-to-day teaching and learning support practices in their classroom is discussed. Individual and focus-group interviews encouraged teachers to articulate their views in this regard. Initial findings indicate that despite the dissimilar cultural and historical contexts of these two countries, both complex contextual issues and classroom practices based on a medical-deficit understanding of diverse educational needs play a role in Finnish and South African classrooms.
Journal article
Research debate on ‘older carers and work’ in sub-Saharan Africa. Current gaps and future frames.
Aboderin, I., & Hoffman J.
Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology
Abstract
Scientific debate on the interface of work and caregiving responsibilities among older adults is intensifying, yet it has had little resonance in African aging discourses thus far. In this commentary we explore the nature and possible reasons for the gap, and highlight a possible frame, and potential avenues for redressing it as part of an emergent research and policy endeavor on long-term care for older persons.
Journal article
Book review- Parenthood Between generations: Transforming reproductive cultures
Hoffman, J.
Population Ageing
Abstract
Journal article
No strangers to adversity: resilience-promoting practices among South African child protection social workers.
Truter, E. Theron, L., & Fouché, A.
Qualitative Social Work
Abstract
Globally the well-being of child protection social workers (CPSWs) is placed at risk by the taxing nature of their profession. In response, there have been international calls for the prioritization of CPSWs’ resilience. Despite the call to enhance the resilience of CPSWs, to date, only five research studies have explored resilience processes in CPSWs. In this article, we present findings that describe resilience-enhancing practices in the lives of 15 South African CPSWs who were considered resilient. They were recruited by means of snowball sampling and engaged in in-depth interviews. Findings reveal that the overall well-being and functioning of these 15 South African CPSWs are endangered by several occupational risk factors including work pressure, inadequate professional support, financial strain, challenges unique to CPSW such as removal of children and exposure to aggressive clients, and emotional exhaustion. Their resilience was informed by four differently weighted but interrelated resilience: practice- and purpose-informing creeds, support systems, constructive transactions, and accentuating the positive. These practices are potentially useful to contribute to the body of knowledge on CPSWs’ resilience as well as to the development of resilience-enhancing guidelines and subsequent intervention programmes with the purpose of protecting CPSWs globally and contributing to efficient service delivery. However, given the dynamic nature of resilience, continued explorations of CPSW resilience processes in different cultural contexts are needed.
Journal article
Antecedents of flourishing at work in a fast-moving consumer goods company.
Rautenbach, C., & Rothmann, S.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 27, Issue 3, Pages 227-234
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate antecedents of flourishing in the workplace A cross-sectional survey design was used with a stratified random sample of 779 employees in a fast-moving consumer goods company in South Africa (females = 40 4%, blacks = 33 4%) The participants responded to the Flourishing-at-Work Scale - Short Form, Job Demands-Resources Scale, one subscale of the Survey Work-Home Interaction – Nijmegen, and Authentic Leadership Questionnaire The results showed that advancement, negative work-home interaction (inverse), and authentic leadership predicted flourishing at work Workload, job insecurity, and compensation did not predict workplace flourishing or languishing. The study confirms the relevance of the Job Demands-Resources model for understanding flourishing in the workplace.
Journal article
Meaningfulness as satisfaction of autonomy, competence, relatedness, and beneficence: Comparing the four satisfactions and positive affect as predictors of meaning in life.
Martela, F., Ryan, R. M., & Steger, M. F.
Journal of Happiness Studies
Abstract
Positive affect (PA) has consistently been shown to predict meaning in life (MIL). In one of the first investigations to examine multiple predictors of MIL simultaneously, we tested in three studies the hypothesis that satisfactions associated with being benevolent and fulfilling psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are more central predictors of MIL, and could explain the correlation between PA and MIL. Study 1, a cross-sectional survey, regressed the four suggested factors and PA simultaneously on MIL, showing that all four emerged as independent predictors, whereas PA and MIL were no longer connected. Study 2 looked at recollections of meaningful situations, showing that all four satisfactions and PA emerged as independent predictors of situational meaning. Study 3 used a diary method to show that daily fluctuations in autonomy, competence, relatedness, beneficence, and PA all simultaneously and independently predicted daily sense of meaning. However, a brief longitudinal study showed that whereas combined satisfaction of autonomy, competence, relatedness, and beneficence at T1 predicted general sense of MIL at T2, PA did not. Together, these studies show that the four satisfactions consistently emerge as independent predictors of both general and short-term meaning, in some situations even accounting for the relation between PA and general MIL.
Journal article
Emotional abuse of girls in Swaziland: Prevalence, perpetrators, risk and protective factors and health outcomes.
Meinck, F, Fry, D, Ginindza, C, Wazny, K, Elizade, A, Spreckelsen, T, Maternowska, MC & Dunne, M.
Journal of Global Health Vol 7, Issue 1, Pages 1-12
Abstract
Research on emotional child abuse in sub–Saharan Africa is scarce. Few studies thus far have examined prevalence, risk and protective factors for emotional child abuse or the associations between emotional abuse and girls’ health. A nationally representative two–stage, cluster–sampled, household survey of females aged 13–24 years (n = 1244) on childhood abuse victimisation was conducted. Participants completed interviewer–assisted questionnaires. Associations between emotional abuse and putative risk, and protective factors and health outcomes were analyzed using separate logistic regression models accounting for sampling design. Marginal effects of cumulative risk factors for emotional abuse victimisation were examined. Lifetime prevalence of emotional abuse was 28.5% with 58.3% of these girls reporting many abusive incidents. The most common perpetrators were female (27.8%) and male (16.7%) relatives and, more rarely, biological parents. Risk factors associated with emotional abuse were frequent caregiver changes (odds ratio (OR) 1.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.970, poverty (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.12–2.03), physical abuse (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.45–2.71) and sexual abuse (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.57–3.10) victimisation. Being close to one’s mother was a protective factor (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.80–0.97). Risk for emotional abuse increased from 13% with no risk factors present to 58.4% –with all four risk factors present. Health outcomes associated with emotional child abuse were suicidal ideation (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.30–2.63) and feeling depressed (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.31–2.71). Girls in Swaziland experience high levels of emotional abuse victimisation. Emotional abuse is associated with economic disadvantage, family factors, other types of abuse victimisation and poor mental health. Therefore, a holistic approach to prevention is needed, incorporating poverty reduction and programmes to improve parent–child relationships, reduce the use of harsh criticism, and change parenting social norms.
Journal article
Post-truth news and risk decision making: The news report is more important than its accuracy.
Zaaiman, H.
Risk and Uncertainty Conference
Abstract
Paper
The resilience of child protection social workers: are they at risk and if so, how do they adjust? A systematic meta-synthesis.
Truter, E., Fouché, A., & Theron, L
British Journal of Social Work Vol 47, Pages 846–863
Abstract
Globally, social workers protect, among others, children who are in need of care and protection. Child protection social workers protect children by means of statutory intervention. Concomitant professional risks threaten child protection social workers’ well-being and competence, resulting in sub-standard services, attrition and calls for child protection social worker resilience. Promoting child protection social worker resilience requires a deep understanding of child protection social worker risk and resilience. Given the scarcity of studies focused on child protection social worker risk and resilience around the globe, we aimed to ascertain how well child protection social worker risk and resilience are understood. We thus undertook a systematic metasynthesis of fourteen qualitative studies on child protection social worker risk and resilience. This meta-synthesis demonstrates a comprehensive understanding of child protection social worker risk in minority-world countries, but not in majority-world countries. It also demonstrates an inadequate understanding of child protection social worker resilience worldwide.
Journal article
Sense of place; using people's experiences in relation to a rural landscape to inform spatial planning guidelines.
Puren, K., Roos, V., Coetzee, H.
International Planning Studies
Abstract
This paper explores the interplay between people and a distinctive rural locality namely Vredefort Dome World Heritage Site, South Africa to inform spatial planning guidelines. A transdisciplinary, qualitative research methodology was followed. First, participants’ experiences in relation to the rural landscape were obtained using photographs, interviews and focus groups. Experiences related to physical and emotional safety, relaxation and tranquillity, hope and curiosity, and relational experiences with people and a divinity emerged. Drawing on these interactional experiences, participants (divided into multidisciplinary groups) made visual collages of how to maintain the sense of place. Guidelines developed included two-dimensional site planning guidelines: (i) a sense of arrival; (ii) development zones; (iii) conservation zones; (iv) compatible land uses; (v) a low density, spatially dispersed development pattern and (vi) footpaths. Three-dimensional design guidelines included: (i) unity in style with a diversity of detail designs; (ii) restricted buildings sizes; (iii) building heights of maximum two storeys; (iv) specified building materials and (v) prescribed colour codes. The paper contributes to existing sense of place research by proposing an integrated, contextual and participatory approach as a possible way forward to make the sense(s) of place explicit by integrating these in spatial planning guidelines.
Journal article
Sex in the shadow of HIV: A systematic review of prevalence, risk factors, and interventions to reduce sexual risk-taking among HIV-positive adolescents and youth in sub-Saharan Africa.
Toska, E., Pantelic, M., Meinck, F., Keck, K., Haghighat, R., & Cluver, L.
Plos One Vol 12, Issue 6, Pages e0178106
Abstract
Evidence on sexual risk-taking among HIV-positive adolescents and youth in sub-Saharan Africa is urgently needed. This systematic review synthesizes the extant research on prevalence, factors associated with, and interventions to reduce sexual risk-taking among HIV positive adolescents and youth in sub-Saharan Africa. Studies were located through electronic databases, grey literature, reference harvesting, and contact with researchers. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. Quantitative studies that reported on HIV-positive participants (10±24 year olds), included data on at least one of eight outcomes (early sexual debut, inconsistent condom use, older partner, transactional sex, multiple sexual partners, sex while intoxicated, sexually transmitted infections, and pregnancy), and were conducted in sub-Saharan Africa were included. Two authors piloted all processes, screened studies, extracted data independently, and resolved any discrepancies. Due to variance in reported rates and factors associated with sexual risk-taking, meta-analyses were not conducted. 610 potentially relevant titles/abstracts resulted in the full text review of 251 records. Forty-two records (n = 35 studies) reported one or multiple sexual practices for 13,536 HIV-positive adolescents/youth from 13 sub-Saharan African countries. Seventeen cross-sectional studies reported on individual, relationship, family, structural, and HIV-related factors associated with sexual risk-taking. However, the majority of the findings were inconsistent across studies, and most studies scored <50% in the quality checklist. Living with a partner, living alone, gender-based violence, food insecurity, and employment were correlated with increased sexual risk-taking, while knowledge of own HIV-positive status and accessing HIV support groups were associated with reduced sexual risk-taking. Of the four intervention studies (three RCTs), three evaluated group-based interventions, and one evaluated an individual-focused combination intervention. Three of the interventions were effective at reducing sexual risk-taking, with one reporting no difference between the intervention and control groups. Sexual risk-taking among HIV-positive adolescents and youth is high, with inconclusive evidence on potential determinants. Few known studies test secondary HIV-prevention interventions for HIV-positive youth. Effective and feasible low-cost interventions to reduce risk are urgently needed for this group.
Journal article
A systematic review of Bayesian papers in psychology: The last 25 years.
Van de Schoot, R., Winter, S., Yran, O., Zondervan-Zwijnenburg, M., & Depaoli, S.
Psychological Methods Vol 22, Issue 2, Pages 217-239
Abstract
Although the statistical tools most often used by researchers in the field of psychology over the last 25 years are based on frequentist statistics, it is often claimed that the alternative Bayesian approach to statistics is gaining in popularity. In the current article, we investigated this claim by performing the very first systematic review of Bayesian psychological articles published between 1990 and 2015 (n _ 1,579). We aim to provide a thorough presentation of the role Bayesian statistics plays in psychology. This historical assessment allows us to identify trends and see how Bayesian methods have been integrated into psychological research in the context of different statistical frameworks (e.g., hypothesis testing, cognitive models, IRT, SEM, etc.). We also describe take-home messages and provide “big-picture” recommendations to the field as Bayesian statistics becomes more popular. Our review indicated that Bayesian statistics is used in a variety of contexts across subfields of psychology and related disciplines. There are many different reasons why one might choose to use Bayes (e.g., the use of priors, estimating otherwise intractable models, modeling uncertainty, etc.). We found in this review that the use of Bayes has increased and broadened in the sense that this methodology can be used in a flexible manner to tackle many different forms of questions. We hope this presentation opens the door for a larger discussion regarding the current state of Bayesian statistics, as well as future trends.
Journal article
Improving transparency and replication in Bayesian statistics: The WAMBS-checklist.
Depaoli, S., & Van de Schoot, R.
Psychological Methods Vol 22, Issue 2, Pages 240–261
Abstract
Bayesian statistical methods are slowly creeping into all fields of science and are becoming ever more popular in applied research. Although it is very attractive to use Bayesian statistics, our personal experience has led us to believe that naively applying Bayesian methods can be dangerous for at least 3 main reasons: the potential influence of priors, misinterpretation of Bayesian features and results, and improper reporting of Bayesian results. To deal with these 3 points of potential danger, we have developed a succinct checklist: the WAMBS-checklist (When to worry and how to Avoid the Misuse of Bayesian Statistics). The purpose of the questionnaire is to describe 10 main points that should be thoroughly checked when applying Bayesian analysis. We provide an account of “when to worry” for each of these issues related to: (a) issues to check before estimating the model, (b) issues to check after estimating the model but before interpreting results, (c) understanding the influence of priors, and (d) actions to take after interpreting results. To accompany these key points of concern, we will present diagnostic tools that can be used in conjunction with the development and assessment of a Bayesian model. We also include examples of how to interpret results when “problems” in estimation arise, as well as syntax and instructions for implementation. Our aim is to stress the importance of openness and transparency of all aspects of Bayesian estimation, and it is our hope that the WAMBS questionnaire can aid in this process.
Journal article
Parents’ posttraumatic stress after burns in their school-aged child: A prospective study.
Egberts, M. R., Van de Schoot, R., Geenen, R., & Van Loey, N. E. E.
Health Psychology Vol 36, Issue 5, Pages 419-428
Abstract
This prospective study examined the course and potential predictors of parents’ posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) after burn injury in their child (Age 8 to 18 years). One hundred eleven mothers and 91 fathers, representing 118 children, participated in the study. Within the first month after the burn event and subsequently at 3, 12, and 18 months postburn, both parents completed the Impact of Event Scale (IES). Parental emotions related to the burn event and appraisal of threat to the child’s life were assessed, which were investigated in a multilevel regression model. Within the first month postburn, 48% of the mothers and 26% of the fathers reported clinically significant PTSS (IES _26), which decreased to, respectively, 19% and 4% 18 months postburn. Symptoms of intrusion were mainly individually experienced, whereas parents within a couple were more similar in terms of their avoidance symptoms. The perceived life threat and feelings of guilt and anger linked to the burn event were significantly related to parental PTSS, especially in mothers. The results indicate that a burn event to a child has a severe (acute) psychological impact on parents and that clinical levels of PTSS may persist in a subgroup of parents. The findings underline the need to incorporate parent support in burn care, especially for mothers with a strong emotional response during the first months after the burn event.
Journal article
Do online privacy concerns predict selfie behavior among adolescents and adults?
Dhir, A., Torsheim, T., Pallesen, S., Andreassen, C.S.
Frontiers in Psychology Vol 8, Pages 815
Abstract
Selfies, or self-portraits, are often taken and shared on social media for online self-presentation reasons, which are considered essential for the psychosocial development and well-being of people in today’s culture. Despite the growing popularity and widespread sharing of selfies in the online space, little is known about how privacy concerns moderate selfie behavior. In addition to this, it is also not known whether privacy concerns across age and gender groups influence selfie behavior. To address this timely issue, a survey assessing common selfie behaviors, that is, frequency of taking (individual and group selfies), editing (cropping and filtering), and posting selfies online, and social media privacy concerns (over personal data being accessed and misused by third parties) was conducted. The web-survey was administered to 3,763 Norwegian social media users, ranging from 13 to 50 years, with a preponderance of women (n = 2,509, 66.7%). The present study investigated the impact of privacy concerns on selfie behaviors across gender and age groups (adolescent, young adult, and adult) by use of the structural equation modeling approach. The results suggest that young adults have greater privacy concerns compared to adolescents and adults. Females have greater privacy concerns than males. Greater privacy concerns among female social media users were linked to lower engagement in selfie behavior, but privacy concerns did not influence selfie behavior in the case of male adolescents and young adults. Overall, privacy concerns were more consistently and inversely related to selfie behavior (taking and posting) among females than males. The study results have theoretical as well as practical implications for both researchers and policy makers.
Journal article
“A boy, being a victim, nobody really buys that, you know?”: Dynamics of sexual violence against boys.
Von Hohendorff, J., Habigzangb, L.F., Koller, S.H
Child Abuse and Neglect Vol 70, Pages 53-64
Abstract
The aim of this study was to present the dynamics of sexual violence against boys. Interviews were conducted with four male victims of sexual abuse between the ages of six and 10, as well as four psychologists employed in the health care system and involved in the treatment of sexually abused boys. Results were examined using thematic content analysis, based on six deductively identified themes corresponding to the following stages of sexual violence against children and adolescents: preparation, episodes, silencing, narratives, repression and overcoming. The results suggested that proximity between victims and offenders, who were mostly adolescent boys, was a facilitator of abuse. The interviews also revealed that victims faced significant levels of disbelief and discrimination. Lastly, the findings pointed to the importance of protective actions and of the system itself, though all practitioners perceived the latter as flawed and unprepared to handle cases involving sexually abused boys. These findings underscore the social invisibility of sexual violence against boys, due to the low number of referrals as well as the disbelief and discrimination, which permeates the management of these cases.
Journal article
The experiences of African Roman Catholic Church seminarians
Juma, J.O., Van der Merwe, K., & Du Toit, D.
HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies Vol 73, Issue 3, Pages 4151. https://doi. org/10.4102/hts.v73i3.4151
Abstract
This qualitative study describes and interprets the lived experiences of African Roman Catholic Church seminarians (priests-in-training). The interpretive lens employed was world view, a conceptual tool extensively used in African-centred psychology. Sixteen African seminarians (age range 21–31 years) were purposely selected and interviewed in depth. Additional sources of data were reflexive notes and observation notes. Data were subjected to various iterative cycles of analysis. Participants described their difficulty in adjusting in the seminaries where teaching and living predominantly reflects a Western world view. They evidenced cognitive dissonance, emotional discomfort and feelings of marginalisation. The findings point to the importance of acknowledging the world views and cultural heritage of seminarians in their training.
Journal article
Person-environment fit, flourishing and intention to leave in universities of technology in South Africa
Janse van Rensburg, C., Rothmann, S., & Diedericks, E.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 43(0), a1422. https://doi. org/10.4102/sajip.v43i0.1422
Abstract
Retaining staff is vital to ensure that universities accomplish their missions. To optimise the potential of staff members and retain staff, it is necessary to study their flourishing and fit in their jobs and organisations. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between person-environment fit, flourishing at work and intention to leave. Research is needed to validate a measure of flourishing at work. Outcome variables such as intention to leave have not been studied in relation to flourishing at work. Moreover, it is necessary to study antecedents of flourishing at work, such as person-environment fit. A cross-sectional survey design was used with a convenience sample of 339 academic employees from three universities of technology in South Africa. Three perceived fit scales, the Flourishing-at-Work Scale (FAWS) and the Turnover Intention Scale were administered. Findings supported a three-factor model of flourishing at work, consisting of emotional, psychological and social well-being. The highest mean frequencies on flourishing dimensions were obtained for competence and emotional engagement. The lowest mean frequencies were obtained for relatedness and social well-being. Person-environment fit predicted intention to leave, both directly and indirectly, via flourishing. The findings support the internal consistency and validity of the FAWS. Managers and human resource practitioners should consider the use of a multidimensional measure to assess flourishing at work. Considering certain dimensions of well-being at work (e.g. work engagement and competence of employees) without considering other dimensions (e.g. job satisfaction, affect balance and meaning at work) will not be sufficient to assess and promote the subjective well-being of employees. This study contributes to knowledge regarding the reliability and validity of a measure of flourishing at work. It confirms that person-environment fit has a strong positive effect on flourishing of employees and a strong negative effect on their intentions to leave.
Journal article
Engagement of employees in a research organisation: A relational perspective
Asiwe, D., Rothmann, S., Jorgensen, L., & Hill, C.
South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences Vol 20, Issue 1, Pages a1534. https://doi. org/10.4102/sajems.v20i1.1534
Abstract
Increasing work engagement in a sustainable way remains a challenge despite years of research on the topic. Relationships at work are vital to foster engagement or disengagement. While the relational model by Kahn and Heaphy is conceptually appealing to explain work engagement, it lacks empirical support. The aims of this study were to investigate the associations among relational factors, psychological conditions (psychological meaningfulness, availability and safety) and work engagement and to test a structural model of work engagement. Setting: A total of 443 individuals in an agricultural research organisation participated in a cross-sectional study. Four scales that measured relational factors, the Psychological Conditions Scale and the Work Engagement Scale were administered. Latent variable modelling was used to test the measurement and structural models. The results confirmed a structural model in which relational facets of job design contributed to psychological meaningfulness. Emotional exhaustion (inverse) and co-worker relationships contributed to psychological availability. Supervisor relationships contributed to psychological safety. Psychological meaningfulness and psychological availability contributed to work engagement, while emotional exhaustion contributed to disengagement. Conclusion: The relational context is an important target for intervention to affect the psychological conditions which precede work engagement. To promote work engagement, it is vital to focus on psychological meaningfulness, psychological availability and emotional exhaustion.
Journal article
Associations between adolescent experiences of violence in Malawi and gender-based attitudes, internalizing, and externalizing behaviors.
Ameli, V., Meinck, F., Munthali, A., Ushie, B., & Langhaug, L.
Child Abuse and Neglect Vol 67, Pages 305-314
Abstract
Little is known about adolescent exposure to and factors associated with violence in Malawi. The aim of this research was to describe the prevalence of exposure to violence among adolescents in Malawi, and test the hypotheses that such exposures are associated with gender-based violent attitudes, and with internalizing and externalizing problems. In 2014, 561 primary school pupils were interviewed (50% girls), and logistic regression analysis was performed on gender-stratified data, adjusting for sociodemographic differences. Both girls and boys had witnessed domestic violence (28.5% & 29.6%), experienced emotional abuse at home (23.1% & 22.9%), physical abuse at home (28.1% & 30.4%), physical abuse at school (42.4% & 36.4%), and been bullied (33.8% & 39.6%). Among girls, internalized violent attitudes towards women were associated with emotional abuse at home (OR 2.1) and physical abuse at school (OR 1.7). Condoning rape was associated with physical abuse at school (OR 1.9). Bullying perpetration was associated with emotional abuse at home (OR 4.5). Depression was associated with emotional abuse at home (OR 3.8) and physical abuse at school (OR 2.4). Among boys, violent attitudes towards women and condoning rape were not associated with violence exposure. Bullying perpetration was associated with having been a victim of bullying (OR 2.9) and physical abuse at school (OR 2.7). Depression was associated with emotional abuse at home (OR 2.9), domestic violence (OR 2.4) and physical abuse at school (OR 2.5). These findings can inform programs designed to reduce violence victimization among Malawian girls, both in homes and schools.
Journal article
Disclosure of physical, emotional and sexual child abuse, help-seeking and access to abuse response services in two South African Provinces
Meinck, F., Cluver, L., Loening-Voysey, H., Bray, R., Doubt, J., Casale, M., & Sherr, L.
Psychology, Health & Medicine Vol 22, Pages 94-106
Abstract
Physical, emotional and sexual child abuse are major problems in South Africa. This study investigates whether children know about post-abuse services, if they disclose and seek services, and what the outcomes of help-seeking behaviour are. It examines factors associated with request and receipt of services. Confidential selfreport questionnaires were completed by adolescents aged 10–17 (n = 3515) in South Africa. Prevalence of frequent (>weekly) physical abuse was 7.4%, frequent emotional abuse 12.4%, and lifetime contact sexual abuse 9.0%. 98.6% could name one suitable confidante or formal service for abuse disclosure, but only 20.0% of abuse victims disclosed. Of those, 72% received help. Most common confidantes were caregivers and teachers. Of all abuse victims, 85.6% did not receive help due to non-disclosure or inactivity of services, and 14.4% received help: 4.9% from formal health or social services and 7.1% through community vigilante action. Emotional abuse, sexual abuse and female gender were associated with higher odds of help-seeking. While children in South Africa showed high knowledge of available services, access to and receipt of formal services among abused children was low. Notably fewer children received help from formal services than through community vigilante action. Urgent action is needed to improve service access for child abuse victims.
Journal article
Fostering self-regulated learning: From clinical to whole class interventions.
Hessels-Schlatter, C., Hessels, M.G.P., Godin, H., & Spillmann-Rojas, H.
Educational and Child Psychology Vol 34, Issue 1, Pages 110-125
Abstract
We describe the theoretical model underlying our interventions in metacognition and self-regulated learning (SRL). Our studies are the only ones in which all SRL components are trained in various learning domains and transfer between these domains is explicitly addressed, and that use both offline and online measures to evaluate the effects of the intervention. Pre-experimental and quasi-experimental studies in regular classes were conducted. Offline and online measures were used to evaluate the effects of the interventions. Self-regulated learning can be enhanced in students with learning difficulties and intellectual disabilities, as well as in typically developing students. Improved SR behaviours are accompanied by improved academic performance. Typical problems associated with data collecting using questionnaires (offline) were encountered. On the other hand, online measures require an important investment of resources. Therefore, the number of participants was limited in the observational studies, which makes generalisation more difficult. Furthermore, it must be acknowledged that quasi-experimental studies are difficult to realise in a natural context. Interventions based on metacognition and self-regulated learning can be effectively implemented in various natural settings. The results of our first series of studies are very positive, but more studies with control groups and delayed post-test to assess maintenance of the learned skills are needed.
Journal article
Antecedents and outcomes of meaningful work among school teachers.
Fouche, E., Rothmann, S., & Van de Vyver, C.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 43(0), a1398. https://doi. org/10.4102/sajip.v43i0.1398
Abstract
Quality education is dependent on the well-being, engagement, performance and retention of teachers. Meaningful work might affect these employee and organisational outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate antecedents and outcomes of meaningful work among school teachers. Meaningful work underpins people’s motivation and affects their well-being and job satisfaction. Furthermore, it is a significant pathway to healthy and authentic organisations. However, a research gap exists regarding the effects of different antecedents and outcomes of meaningful work. Across-sectional survey was used with a convenience sample of 513 teachers. The Work-Life Questionnaire, Revised Job Diagnostic Survey, Co- worker Relations Scale, Work and Meaning Inventory, Personal Resources Scale, Work Engagement Scale, Turnover Intention Scale and a measure of self-rated performance were administered. A calling orientation, job design and co-worker relations were associated with meaningful work. A low calling orientation and poor co-worker relationships predicted burnout. A calling orientation, a well-designed job, good co-worker relationships and meaningful work predicted work engagement. Job design was moderately associated with self-ratings of performance. The absence of a calling orientation predicted teachers’ intention to leave the organisation. Educational managers should consider implementing interventions to affect teachers’ calling orientation (through job crafting), perceptions of the nature of their jobs (by allowing autonomy) and co-worker relations (through teambuilding) to promote perceptions of meaningful work. Promoting perceptions of meaningful work might contribute to lower burnout, higher work engagement, better self-ratings of performance and retention of teachers. This study contributes to scientific knowledge regarding the effects of three antecedents, namely a calling orientation, job design and co-worker relationships on meaningful work. It also contributed to knowledge about the effects of meaningful work on employee and organisational outcomes.
Journal article
Intergenerational care perceptions of older women and middle adolescents in a resource-constrained community in South Africa.
Roos, V., Silvestre, S., & De Jager, T.
Journal of Gerontological Social Work
Abstract
This study describes intergenerational care perceptions in a resource-challenged community. Ten women (aged 60+) and eight middle adolescents (3 boys and 5 girls) participated in the Mmogo-method®, a visual data-collection method. Textual data were analysed thematically, and visual data by applying Roos and Redelinghuys (2016) proposed steps. Both groups provided physical and instrumental care to the other. Older women cared for adolescents by teaching and disciplining them, while the adolescents cared for them by obtaining an education and by showing respect. Older women felt being cared for when adolescents helped them, obeyed and complied with instructions and discipline, while the youngsters expressed it when their basic needs were addressed and school attendance was enabled. Older women’s expressions of caring about were vague, while the younger people detected, act and elicited reactions from the elders. The adopted care approach informed care perceptions. Joint intergenerational activities are proposed to discover care currencies and contributions of generational members.
Journal article
Understanding the relationship between intensity and gratifications of Facebook use among adolescents and young adults
Dhir, A. & Tsai, C.
Telematics and Informatics Vol 34, Pages 350-364
Abstract
Facebook is a well-known computer-mediated communication platform considered popular among adolescents and young adults. New media scholars have coined the term ‘‘intensity of Facebook use” (IFU) for the concept that measures the emotional and affective attitude towards Facebook use among young people. IFU is an important service use concept that has been positively linked with the different psychosocial outcomes of student well-being. However, only a limited amount of the prior literature has investigated the relationship between IFU and different Facebook uses and gratifications (U&G). The existing literature suggests inconsistent findings with a sole emphasis on young adults. To address these gaps, the present study has investigated the differential role of different Facebook U&G among adolescents and young adults in predicting IFU. A total of three cross-sectional data sets (N = 373, 107, 105) represented adolescents and university attending young-adult Facebook users. The study results suggest that process U&G do and content U&G do not play any significant role in predicting IFU. Adolescents and young adults differ in their sought Facebook U&G. In addition to this, cultural differences were observed in the sought Facebook U&G and their differential role in predicting IFU.
Journal article
Universities can do much more to recognise and plan for risks
Zaaiman, H.
The Conversation
Abstract
https://theconversation.com/universities-can-do-much-more-to-recognise-and-plan-for-risks-73488
Journal article
No strangers to adversity: Resilience-promoting practices among South African women child protection social workers
Truter, E., Theron, L.C., & Fouché, A.
Qualitative Social Work
Abstract
Globally the well-being of child protection social workers (CPSWs) is placed at risk by the taxing nature of their profession. In response, there have been international calls for the prioritization of CPSWs’ resilience. Despite the call to enhance the resilience of CPSWs, to date, only five research studies have explored resilience processes in CPSWs. In this article, we present findings that describe resilience-enhancing practices in the lives of 15 South African CPSWs who were considered resilient. They were recruited by means of snowball sampling and engaged in in-depth interviews. Findings reveal that the overall well-being and functioning of these 15 South African CPSWs are endangered by several occupational risk factors including work pressure, inadequate professional support, financial strain, challenges unique to CPSW such as removal of children and exposure to aggressive clients, and emotional exhaustion. Their resilience was informed by four differently weighted but interrelated resilience practices: practice and purpose-informing creeds, support systems, constructive transactions, and accentuating the positive. These practices are potentially useful to contribute to the body of knowledge on CPSWs’ resilience as well as to the development of resilience-enhancing guidelines and subsequent intervention programmes with the purpose of protecting CPSWs globally and contributing to efficient service delivery. However, given the dynamic nature of resilience, continued explorations of CPSW resilience processes in different cultural contexts are needed.
Journal article
Gaming is related to enhanced working memory performance and task-related cortical activity.
Moisala, M., Salmelaa, V., Hietajärvib, L., Carlson, S., Vuontelae, V., Lonka, K., Hakkarainena, K., Salmela-Arog, K., & Alho, K. (2017).
Brain Research Vol 1655, Pages 204-215.
Abstract
Gaming experience has been suggested to lead to performance enhancements in a wide variety of working memory tasks. Previous studies have, however, mostly focused on adult expert gamers and have not included measurements of both behavioral performance and brain activity. In the current study, 167 adolescents and young adults (aged 13–24 years) with different amounts of gaming experience performed an n-back working memory task with vowels, with the sensory modality of the vowel stream switching between audition and vision at random intervals. We studied the relationship between self-reported daily gaming activity, working memory (n-back) task performance and related brain activity measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The results revealed that the extent of daily gaming activity was related to enhancements in both performance accuracy and speed during the most demanding (2-back) level of the working memory task. This improved working memory performance was accompanied by enhanced recruitment of a fronto-parietal cortical network, especially the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In contrast, during the less demanding (1-back) level of the task, gaming was associated with decreased activity in the same cortical regions. Our results suggest that a greater degree of daily gaming experience is associated with better working memory functioning and task difficulty-dependent modulation in fronto-parietal brain activity already in adolescence and even when nonexpert gamers are studied. The direction of causality within this association cannot be inferred with certainty due to the correlational nature of the current study.
Journal article
The impact of contact on students’ attitudes towards peers with disabilities.
Schwab, S.
Research in Developmental Disabilities Vol 60, Pages 160-165
Abstract
This study aimed to understand the relationship between contact with peers with Special Educational Needs (SEN) and students’ attitudes towards their peers with SEN, by examining the inter-group contact theory in regular and inclusive classes. A total of 463 students in 8th grade, with a mean age of 14.42 years, from 25 secondary school classes in Styria(Austria) completed a self-report questionnaire regarding their contact with peers with SEN and their attitudes towards peers with disabilities. Contact was indicated by nominations for joint activities and examined in inclusive and regular classes. The German short version of the Chedoke-McMaster Attitudes towards Children with Handicaps scale (CATCH; Schwab, 2015b; Rosenbaum et al., 1986) was used to measure students’ attitudes towards peers with learning disabilities and emotional disorders. Students with SEN are less frequently nominated by their peers for joint activities, such as working together on a school project. Students from inclusive and regular classes did not differ in their attitudes towards peers with SEN. However, those students who nominated at least one peer with SEN for a joint activity had more positive attitudes towards peers with disabilities. Freely choosing contact with a peer with SEN was associated with more positive attitudes towards disability while simply attending the same class may have no effect or even a negative impact on students’ attitudes.
Journal article
Pathways to flourishing of athletes: The role of team and individual strength use.
Stander, F. W., Rothmann, S., & Botha, E.
South African Journal of Psychology Vol 47, Issue 1, Pages 23-34
Abstract
Information is needed regarding the antecedents and outcomes of flourishing, particularly in sports contexts, where the study of this optimal well-being state has remained largely unexplored. This study examined the role of strength use to facilitate flourishing, enhance team embeddedness, and counter withdrawal behaviour of athletes. It further investigated the role of flourishing to retain athletes to their sport and teams and examined the role of team embeddedness in this relationship. A cross-sectional research design was utilised with structural equation modelling to assess model fit and examine postulated relationships. The sample comprised 235 student athletes. The results suggested that team strength use predicts flourishing. It further revealed positive paths to team embeddedness from both individual and team strength use. Flourishing was also positively related to team embeddedness. Lastly, a negative association was found between team embeddedness and withdrawal behaviour among the athletes.
Journal article
A strengths-based group intervention for women who experienced childhood sexual abuse.
Walker-Williams, H.J., & Fouché, A.
Research on Social Work Practice Vol 27, Issue 2, Pages 194-205
Abstract
This study evaluated the benefits of a ‘‘survivor to thriver’’ strengths-based group intervention program to facilitate posttraumatic growth in women survivors of child sexual abuse. A quasi-experimental, onegroup, pretest, posttest, time-delay design was employed using qualitative methods to evaluate the benefits of the intervention with 10 purposively selected women with a history of child sexual abuse. Six group sessions were conducted as well as a delayed follow-up session. Qualitative data were collected using drawings, narratives, and transcriptions. Qualitative thematic content data analysis portrayed enabling processes of PTG such as emotional awareness, decisive action, posttrauma identity, and a healing group context. These themes suggest growth outcomes. However, a longitudinal study is recommended to establish efficacy and to inform practice with replicable interventions.
Journal article
The three meanings of meaning in life: Distinguishing coherence, purpose and significance.
Martela, F., & Steger, M. F.
Journal of Positive Psychology Vol 11, Pages 531-545
Abstract
Despite growing interest in meaning in life, many have voiced their concern over the conceptual refinement of the construct itself. Researchers seem to have two main ways to understand what meaning in life means: coherence and purpose, with a third way, significance, gaining increasing attention. Coherence means a sense of comprehensibility and one’s life making sense. Purpose means a sense of core goals, aims, and direction in life. Significance is about a sense of life’s inherent value and having a life worth living. Although some researchers have already noted this trichotomy, the present article provides the first comprehensible theoretical overview that aims to define and pinpoint the differences and connections between these three facets of meaning. By arguing that the time is ripe to move from indiscriminate understanding of meaning into looking at these three facets separately, the article points toward a new future for research on meaning in life.
Journal article
Supportive college environment for meaning-searching and meaning in life among American college students.
Shin, J. Y., & Steger, M. F.
Journal of College Student Development Vol 57, Issue 1, Pages 18-31
Abstract
We examined whether American college students who perceive their college environment as supportive for their meaning searching report higher levels of meaning in life. We also examined whether students’ perception of college environmental support for meaning searching moderates the relation between the presence of and search for meaning. Students’ perception of college environmental support for meaning searching significantly predicted their presence of meaning in life above and beyond the variance accounted for by searching for meaning and life satisfaction. The relation between the presence of and search for meaning differed by the levels of students’ perception of college environmental support for meaning searching. For students with a lower sense of college environmental support for meaning searching, the presence of meaning decreased as searching for meaning increased. In contrast, for students with a higher sense of support, the presence of meaning increased as searching for meaning increased. The findings suggest that a supportive college environment for meaning searching may promote American college students’ sense of meaning by buffering the potential negative effect of searching for meaning.
Journal article
Employee engagement. In L.G. Oades, M.F. Steger, A. Delle Fave, & J. Passmore (Eds.).
Rothmann, S.
The Wiley Blackwell handbook of the psychology of positivity and strengths-based approaches at work. Pages 317-341. Chichester, United Kingdom: Wiley.
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the research regarding employee engagement. First, employee engagement is conceptualized and current knowledge regarding the measurement and prevalence thereof is reported. Second, an overview of the theories and models which explain employee engagement is given. Third, drivers and outcomes of employee engagement are identified. Finally, future research regarding employee engagement is discussed.
Journal article
Do educational affordances and gratifications drive intensive Facebook use among adolescents?
Dhir, A., Khalil, A., Lonka, K., & Tsai, C.
Computers in Human Behavior Vol 68, Pages 40-50
Abstract
Adolescents are active users of Facebook and are spending an increasing amount of their daily time on its use. Several recent studies have advocated the need to integrate Facebook use into our existing educational practices. However, at the same time, scholars and educators are wary of the fact that intensive Facebook use (IFU) may not translate into educational uses, learning outcomes and academic well-being. IFU represents an important service use concept that evaluates any user's emotional attachment, connectivity and integration with Facebook use. To address this gap, the present study investigated the role of different Facebook U&G and educational affordances in predicting the IFU among adolescents. A cross-sectional study with 942 adolescent Facebook users from India was conducted. The study results suggest that content U&G did not, while process, technology and social U&G did, play significant roles in predicting IFU. In comparison to Facebook U&G, different educational affordances, namely perceptions of Facebook use in Mathematics, Science and English education, perceptions of its formal use in classrooms and academic information seeking and sharing, did not significantly predict IFU. The study concludes with various theoretical and practical implications for scholars, educational solution developers, pedagogical experts as well as education policy makers.
Journal article
Do psychosocial attributes of well-being drive intensive Facebook use?
Dhir, A., Kaur, P., Lonka, K., & Tsai, C.
Computers in Human Behavior Vol 68, Pages 520-527
Abstract
Prior extensive literature on Social Networking Sites (SNSs) has linked their use with psychosocial wellbeing. Facebook use has also been associated with different attributes of psychosocial well-being. However, the extant literature is inconclusive regarding the nature of the relationship shared by the different attributes of psychosocial well-being and Intensity of Facebook Use (IFU). Furthermore, the prior literature has also revealed inconsistent findings concerning this relationship. To address this gap, this study investigated the significant role of different attributes of psychosocial well-being associated with Facebook use, namely civic-political participation, satisfaction of life, bridging and bonding of social capital, and online sociability on IFU. A total of four cross-sectional surveys were undertaken with adolescent and young-adult Facebook users from India over a period of one year. The results suggest that online sociability was the strongest, and life satisfaction was a non-significant predictor of IFU of both adolescents and young adults across all four studies. The bonding and bridging of social capital was a significant predictor of the IFU of high social economic condition (SES) adolescents, unlike young adults. Furthermore, bridging was, but bonding of social capital was not, a significant predictor of the IFU of low SES adolescents.
Journal article
Positive employment relations: A qualitative meta-synthesis of the evidence.
Smith, S., & Diedericks, E.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 26, Issue 6, Pages 527-534
Abstract
This study utilises a qualitative meta-synthesis approach to scope the evidence on qualities that define positive employment relations. The selection criteria included the identification of emerging themes, concepts and commonalities comprising positive employment relations throughout literature. Findings suggest that 21 core constructs comprised and affected positive employment relations on individual, team and organisational levels. Of the 21 constructs, only six key constructs are positive workplace relations resources: trust, respect, support, communication, equity and equality, and conflict management. Optimal functioning and flourishing of individuals result in an optimally thriving organisation, and, to ensure flourishing individuals and teams, an organisation should attend to and improve the quality of relationships within the work context.
Journal article
Mindfulness and psychological well-being among Black South African university students and their relatives.
Nell, H.W.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 26, Pages 485-490
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between mindfulness and psychological well-being in a convenience sample of black South African students (n = 203) and their parents and other relatives (n = 204) (66.1% = female; age range 18–73). The students self-reported on their mindfulness on the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale and psychological well-being on the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, Adult Trait Hope Scale and the Meaning in Life Questionnaire. A multivariate regression model was specified and analysed via structural equation modelling in Mplus 7.3. Results revealed that mindfulness scores strongly predicted elevated levels of meaning and positive affect, and lowered levels of negative effect, and were moderately strong predictors of life satisfaction and hope. The findings imply that mindfulness likely plays an important role in relation to the psychological well-being of cross-generational African culture community members.
Journal article
Conceptualising the professional identity of industrial/organisational psychologists within the South African context.
Van Zyl, L.E., Nel, E., Stander, M.W., & Rothmann, S.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 42, Issue 1
Abstract
Lack in congruence amongst industrial and organisational psychologists (IOPs) as to the conceptualisation of its profession poses a significant risk as to the relevance, longevity and professional identity of the profession within the South African context. This study aimed to explore the professional identity of IOPs within the South African context. Specifically, the aim of this study was four-fold: (1) to develop a contemporary definition for IOP, (2) to investigate IOP roles, (3) to determine how the profession should be labelled and (4) to differentiate IOP from human resource management (HRM) from IOPs’ perspectives within South Africa. IOPs do not enjoy the same benefits in stature or status as other professions such as medicine, finances and engineering in the world of work. IOPs need to justify its relevance within organisational contexts as a globally shared understanding of ‘what it is’, ‘what it does’ and ‘what makes it different from other professions’, which is non-existent. In order to enhance its perceived relevance, clarity as to IOPs professional identity is needed. A post-positivistic qualitative content analytic and descriptive research design was employed in this study. Data from practising industrial and organisational psychology (IOP) within South Africa (N = 151) were gathered through an electronic web-based survey and were analysed through thematic content analysis. The results indicate that IOP in South Africa seeks to optimise the potential of individuals, groups, organisations and the community by implementing scientific processes to support both individual and organisational wellness and sustainability. ‘Work Psychology’ was considered a more fitting professional designation or label than industrial and/or organisational psychology. The industrial psychologist’s major roles related to the well-being and development of employees. A clear distinction between a more dynamic, pro-active approach of IOP compared to a more transactional approach of HRM was also evident. IOP within South Africa appears to have a community development function. The longevity, relevance and impact of IOP as a profession requires alignment amongst practitioners as to shared common professional identity. This study provides a contemporary understanding of the roles, functions, labels and unique value proposition of industrial and organisational psychology within the South African context.
Journal article
A group intervention programme for adults survivors of childhood sexual abuse.
Fouché, A. & Walker-Williams, H. J.
Social Work/Maatskaplike Werk Vol 52, Issue 4, Pages 524-529
Abstract
This study reports on the core components of the Survivor to Thriver strengths-based group intervention programme for women who experienced childhood sexual abuse. It advocates a balanced approach and draws on an eclectic mix of theories, and has been field tested with two groups of women. An exposition of the philosophical and theoretical underpinnings, a description of the context, the role of the expert companion, outcomes and activities of the programme, evaluation methods and standard of care is provided. Finally, critical reflections on the intervention are discussed as well as limitations and the way forward.
Journal article
Towards a culturally- and contextually-sensitive understanding of resilience: Privileging the voices of black, South African young people.
Theron, L.
Journal of Adolescent Research Vol 31, Issue 6, Pages 635-670
Abstract
Extant theories of resilience, or the process of adjusting well to adversity, privilege the voices of minority-world young people. Consequently, the resilience of marginalized, majority-world youth is imperfectly understood, and majority-world social ecologies struggle to facilitate resilience in ways that respect the insights of majority-world youth and their cultural and contextual positioning. Accordingly, this article makes audible, as it were, the voices of 181 rural, Black, South African adolescents with the purpose of explicating which resilience-supporting processes characterize their positive adjustment to disadvantaged life-worlds, and how contextual and cultural realities shape such processes. Deductive and inductive analyses of a narrative and visual data set, generated in the qualitative phase of an explanatory mixed-methods study, revealed that universally occurring resilience-supporting mechanisms inform positive adjustment. Importantly, which mechanisms these youth prioritized, and the form these mechanisms take, are shaped by contextual realities of absent men and commonplace suffering, and a cultural reality of strong women, human and spiritual care, and valorization of education. Attention to these adolescents’ voices not only prompts specific, culturally and contextually relevant leverage points for resilience but also reinforces the importance of attending to young people’s preferred pathways of resilience in order to understand and champion resilience in socially just ways.
Journal article
Underpinnings of user participation in service provider-hosted online communities.
Kaur, P.
Service Science Vol 8, Issue 3, Pages 249-262
Abstract
The recent emergence of social media-based brand communities is seen as an effective channel for practicing user-centric service innovation. However, user participation is the major hurdle in their sustainability. Despite the growing popularity of these brand communities, there has been only limited research examining the factors affecting user intention to continue using these communities. Teenagers represent an important demographic group, not only as the dominant users, but also in their value and potential in contributing toward successful business. To date, no previous research has investigated the participation behaviour of teenagers in these communities. To address this research gap, the present study examines the factors affecting teenagers’ intention to continue participating in Facebook-based brand communities. The roles of social and individual factors in the formulation of their attitudes to participation are examined. The relationship between users’ attitudes, activity levels, and continuation intentions are explored. The study findings suggest that self-efficacy, hedonic motivation, reciprocal benefit, and social influence have a positive impact on user attitude. Among these, self-efficacy has the strongest influence. Furthermore, attitude, continuation intention, and activity levels are significantly related. The findings have implications for organisations intending to use social media-based brand communities to practice user-centric service innovation.
Journal article
Understanding students’ instrumental goals, motivation deficits and achievement: Through the lens of a latent profile analysis.
Fryer, L.K., Van den Broeck, A., Ginns, P. & Nakao, K.
Psychologica Belgica Vol 56, Issue 3, Pages 226-243
Abstract
Building on the future oriented and regulated nature of instrumental goals, Lens and colleagues developed a 2 (proximal-distal) x 2 (internal-external) motivational framework. The current study aimed to test this framework from a person-centred perspective, while equally taking into account students’ lack of motivation as to extend the empirical and theoretical borders of the model. Latent Profile Analyses were used to test the viability of two to five motivational profiles among Japanese second-year students (N = 781). A solution with three latent subgroups fitted the sample best, explaining 6% to 62% of the variance in the measured variables. The profiles were labelled “low future oriented motivational profile”, “average motivated profile”, and “highly motivated profile”. The highly motivated subgroup reported the most adaptive pattern of motivation and highest levels of deep level learning, while few differences were found for surface learning and GPA. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Journal article
Am I in the right place? Academic engagement and study success during the first years at university
Ketonen, E.E., Haarala-Muhonen, A., Hirsto, L., Hänninen, J.J., Wähälä, K. & Lonka, K.
Learning and Individual Differences Vol 51, Pages 141-148
Abstract
Entrance to university does not automatically lead to high academic engagement and success, and there may be individual differences in student engagement. In the present study, university students' (N=668) academic engagement and disengagement profiles, and the differences between them in terms of academic achievement, were investigated. Students from introductory courses were classified by Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) into homogenous groups having similar patterns according to the following variables: study engagement, study-related exhaustion, lack of interest, lack of self-regulation, and uncertainty of one's career choice. Four groups of students were identified: engaged, disengaged, undecided, and alienated. Engaged students received the highest grades, with disengaged and undecided students performing most poorly. In addition, the profiles were related to the behavioral indicators of engagement (i.e., ECTS credits). Even after two years of studying, engaged students were performing better than disengaged students. The study's implications for both research and practice are discussed.
Journal article
Engagement of secondary school teachers in Namibia: Relational context effects
Janik, M. & Rothmann, S.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 26, Issue 4, Pages 316-325
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate relational antecedents of work engagement for secondary school teachers and to determine whether specific psychological conditions mediate the effects of relational factors on work engagement. A cross-sectional survey was used. The participants were 502 secondary school teachers in Namibia (females = 64.7%, Afrikaans-speaking = 49%). They completed the following measuring instruments: Co-worker and Supervisor Relationships Scales, Emotional Exhaustion Scale, Perceived Organizational Support Scale, Psychological Conditions Scale and the Work Engagement Scale. Data were analysed using Mplus 7.3. The results showed that low emotional exhaustion and high psychological meaningfulness and availability explained work engagement. Relational factors (i.e. co-worker relations, supervisor relations, and emotional exhaustion) influenced psychological meaningfulness and safety strongly, and psychological availability moderately. Supervisor relationships and emotional exhaustion indirectly influenced work engagement via psychological meaningfulness. Co-worker relationships and emotional exhaustion indirectly affected work engagement via psychological availability. The results provide support for a relational model of work engagement.
Journal article
Age and gender differences in photo tagging gratifications
Dhir, A., & Torsheim, T.
Computers in Human Behavior Vol 63
Abstract
The immense popularity of Facebook use among people from varying demographic groups has attracted the attention of communication scholars. While much is known about the age and gender differences in Facebook usage patterns and the general gratifications underlying its use, minimal attention has been paid to examining the age and gender differences among adolescents and young adults. Using multiple cross-sectional studies with Indian adolescent and young-adult photo-taggers, this study investigated (a) the age and gender differences in the photo-tagging gratifications of adolescents (12e18 years), (b) how photo-tagging gratifications among adolescents change over historical time, (c) the effect of different interactions among age, gender and the effect of time on the sought photo-tagging gratifications of adolescents, and (d) the age and gender differences between adolescent and young-adult photo-taggers. Theoretical and practical implications for new media research and practice are presented.
Journal article
How school ecologies facilitate resilience among adolescents with Intellectual Disability: Guidelines for teachers.
Hall, A. M., & Theron, L. C.
South African Journal of Education Vol 36, Issue 2, Pages Art. # 1154, 13 pages, doi: 10.15700/saje.v36n2a1154
Abstract
The global prioritisation of the inclusion of learners with disabilities, and of vulnerable young people’s resilience, means that teachers worldwide require insight into how best to facilitate the resilience of adolescents made vulnerable by intellectual disability (ID). To provide such insight, we conducted a secondary data analysis of a multiple case study of resilient adolescents with ID attending special schools in Gauteng Province, South Africa. The visual and narrative data that inform this case study were generated by resilient adolescents with ID (n = 24), and their teachers (n = 18). Four school-related themes emerge from their accounts of resilience-supporting factors associated with their schools for the physically and severely intellectually disabled (SPSID). From these, we distill three uncomplicated actions mainstream school ecologies can execute in order to enable the resilience of included adolescents with ID. Their simplicity and ordinariness potentiate universally useful ways for mainstream teachers to champion the resilience of included adolescents with ID.
Journal article
Work engagement in the mining industry: The role of tasks and relationships.
Palo, J., & Rothmann, S.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 26, Issue 3, Pages 221-229
Abstract
The platinum mining sector in South Africa presents a significant context for the study of work engagement, given the major changes and turmoil experienced by employees in this sector. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of task and relational factors on work engagement in the platinum mining industry in South Africa. A stratified random sample (N = 564) comprising employees in a platinum mining organisation in South Africa was surveyed (females = 35.1%, blacks = 51.6%, middle managers = 40.8%). The employees completed a biographical questionnaire and several other measures: the Engagement Scale, Supervisory Support Scale, Social Support Scale and Job Diagnostic Survey. The results supported a reliable three-factor structure (consisting of autonomy support, competence support, and relatedness support) for the Supervisory Support Scale. The structural model confirmed that task characteristics (comprising task significance and task identity) were strongly related to work engagement. Supervisor support and co-worker support showed a positive relationship with work engagement, albeit to a lesser extent.
Journal article
Assessing flow experience in social networking site based brand communities
Kaur, P., Dhir, A., & Rajala, R.
Computers in Human Behavior Vol 64, Pages 217-225
Abstract
The sustenance of the Social Networking Site (SNS)-based brand communities relies on user retention and their active participation. Therefore, understanding the intrinsic aspects of user behavior in such communities is important for devising strategies to ensure user retention and active participation. Especially, information about the elements that induce flow experiences - the intrinsically enjoyable and immersive experiences - of users in SNS has become important for organizations that host online communities. In our empirical study, we chose to focus especially on SNS-based brand communities, as they are increasingly interesting from an organization-community interaction perspective, but they lack the instruments needed for measuring user experience. The present study addresses this gap by developing an instrument aimed at measuring the user’s flow experience on SNS-based brand communities. A cross-sectional survey with 577 Facebook brand community users was carried out. The findings show that enjoyment, concentration, and social interaction are the components that constitute a user’s flow experience. In addition to providing a valuable tool for business practitioners, the developed instrument offers several theoretical and practical implications for improving user experience of social media.
Journal article
Do age and gender differences exist in selfie-related behaviours.
Dhir, A., Pallesen, S., Torsheim, T., & Andreassen, C.S.
Computers in Human Behavior Vol 63, Pages 549-555
Abstract
Recently scholars have started examining selfie-related behaviour, with an emphasis on young women. However, little is known about age and gender differences in selfie-taking and posting patterns. To address this gap, an online survey of a sample of 3763 Norwegian social media users was carried out. This study provides the first empirical evidence on how adolescents (aged 12 to 19), young adults (20-30) and adults (31-50) differ in terms of selfie behaviour. Females were more likely to take personal and group selfies, post personal selfies, crop photos and use photographic filters compared to males. Adolescents were found to be more likely than young adults to take own and group selfies, post own selfies, and use photographic filters. Similarly, young adults were more likely to take own and group selfies, post and edit photos than older adults. The predictive effect of age was stronger among women than among men regarding selfie taking, posting and editing behaviour. The interpretations and implications of the study findings are discussed in the light of previous literature.
Journal article
Why do young people avoid photo tagging? A new Service Avoidance Scale
Dhir, A.
Social Science Computer Review Pages 1-18
Abstract
Despite the growing attention to the study of various issues concerning online self-presentation, little research has investigated the different reasons underlying the avoidance of online identity and presentation building features. Using a multistage investigation, this study has developed and validated a 25-item instrument for investigating the various reasons why young people avoid Facebook photo tagging. The instrument items were developed based on open-ended qualitative essays written by 141 Indian and Pakistani adolescents who use the Facebook photo-tagging service. From their qualitative responses, 38 items were first extracted and evaluated with 780 Indian adolescent photo taggers. This resulted in the development of a 25-item instrument which was reexamined a year later with 314 Indian adolescent and 106 young adult photo taggers. The study participants were recruited from India and Pakistan in order to address the criticism of previous Facebook research which is chiefly based on U.S.-only study samples. The developed instrument indicated six reasons: destruction of capital, dislike, worry, parental control, embarrassment, and personal appearance. The study results indicate that the developed instrument has a stable factorial structure, validity, and reliability over time. This new instrument offers various theoretical and practical implications for scholars engaged in research involving computer-mediated communication, online self-presentation, and young people.
Journal article
The resilience of child protection social workers: are they at risk and if so, how do they adjust? A systematic meta-synthesis.
Truter, E., Fouche, A., & Theron, L.
British Journal of Social Work
Abstract
Globally, social workers protect, among others, children who are in need of care and protection. Child protection social workers protect children by means of statutory intervention. Concomitant professional risks threaten child protection social workers’ well-being and competence, resulting in sub-standard services, attrition and calls for child protection social worker resilience. Promoting child protection social worker resilience requires a deep understanding of child protection social worker risk and resilience. Given the scarcity of studies focused on child protection social worker risk and resilience around the globe, we aimed to ascertain how well child protection social worker risk and resilience are understood. We thus undertook a systematic meta-synthesis of fourteen qualitative studies on child protection social worker risk and resilience. This meta-synthesis demonstrates a comprehensive understanding of child protection social worker risk in minority-world countries, but not in majority-world countries. It also demonstrates an inadequate understanding of child protection social worker resilience worldwide.
Journal article
Pathways to flourishing of athletes: The role of team and individual strength use.
Stander, F.W., Rothmann, S., & Botha, E.
South African Journal of Psychology
Abstract
Information is needed regarding the antecedents and outcomes of flourishing, particularly in sports contexts, where the study of this optimal well-being state has remained largely unexplored. This study examined the role of strength use to facilitate flourishing, enhance team embeddedness, and counter withdrawal behaviour of athletes. It further investigated the role of flourishing to retain athletes to their sport and teams and examined the role of team embeddedness in this relationship. A cross-sectional research design was utilised with structural equation modelling to assess model fit and examine postulated relationships. The sample comprised 235 student athletes. The results suggested that team strength use predicts flourishing. It further revealed positive paths to team embeddedness from both individual and team strength use. Flourishing was also positively related to team embeddedness. Lastly, a negative association was found between team embeddedness and withdrawal behaviour among the athletes.
Journal article
The idealism of education policies and the realities in schools: the implementation of inclusive education in South Africa.
Engelbrecht, P. Nel, M., Smit, S. & Van Deventer, M.
International Journal of Inclusive Education Vol 20, Issue 5, Pages 520-535
Abstract
Inclusive education as a global movement emerged over the past 30 years to ensure quality mainstream education for all learners. Since 1994 the newly democratic South Africa also had expectations as well as the political will to change education by adjusting legislation and policies. However, the vision of a truly inclusive education system in South Africa has been difficult to achieve and results regarding the implementation of inclusive education remain questionable. There has been a growing realisation that the advent of democracy was not in itself a sufficient condition for the elimination of historical and structural inequalities in education with as recurring theme the dissonance between the government’s socio-political imperative for change and economic realities. This article focuses on the development of policy and guidelines on inclusive education in dynamic interaction with the complexity of realities in South African schools with a special focus on the policy recommendations regarding the development of full-service schools. The constant comparative analysis of the two phased case study of a full-service school in a rural town revealed interesting results illustrating the complexities regarding the implementation of inclusive education and the challenges and opportunities in bridging the gap between the idealism of policies and the realities in schools.
Journal article
Escapism motive for sport consumption as a predictor of meaning in life.
Stander, F.W.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 26, Issue 2, Pages 113–118
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine whether spectator escapism motive for sport consumption could predict meaning in life, and to explore the role of psychological ownership in this relationship. A sample of 806 football spectators (African = 85%, male = 67.4%, Sesotho = 26.2%) completed the Motivation Scale for Sport Consumption (MSSC), the South African Psychological Ownership Questionnaire (SAPOS) and the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ). Structural equation modelling was utilised to investigate the postulated paths of the structural model. Escapism motive for sport consumption predicted meaning in life among spectators through psychological ownership. The sports escapism motive can yield positive psychological outcomes for sports fans.
Journal article
The religious lives of students at a South African university.
Nell, W.
HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies Vol 72, Issue 1, Pages a3177. http://dx.doi. org/10.4102/hts.v72i1.3177
Abstract
Whilst significant research has been conducted on religious affiliation and on general levels of religiosity in the South African context, few studies specifically investigated the religious lives of South African university students in a comprehensive way. This is unfortunate as such research could significantly inform and support the effectiveness of youth and student ministries. As such, this article explored the religious lives of students at a university in the Gauteng province of South Africa, focusing specifically on students’ self-assessed religiosity, the maturity of their religious attitudes, their spiritual well-being, the religious practices in which they engage and the relationship between such practices and their spiritual well-being. Gender, racial and religious differences concerning these variables were also investigated. Data were collected from 356 undergraduate students by means of a structured survey consisting of the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire, the Religious Fundamentalism Scale and two other scales aimed at assessing religiosity and religious practices. Results indicated that 98.9% of participants were religious with the majority (86.9%) being Christian. Generally, students espoused highly fundamentalist religious attitudes but had high levels of spiritual well-being. Prayer and virtual or in-person attendance of religious gatherings such as church services were the most prevalent religious practices whereas fasting and meditation were practiced least. All practices were positively correlated with students’ spiritual well-being. Based on these findings, the article concludes with several specific, practical recommendations relevant to student ministries and those working with university students in religious contexts.
Journal article
Identification with team as a predictor of buying behaviours amongst South African Premier Soccer League fans.
Stander, F.W., De Beer, L.T., & Stander, A.S.
In M. Coetzee, I.L. Potgieter, & N. Ferreira (Eds.), Psychology of retention: Theory, research and practice Vol 5, Issue 2
Abstract
Sport fan consumer spend has traditionally been largely influenced by the level of identity with team that individuals experience. This being said, no empirical work was found to directly relate these concepts. Based on the customer engagement (CE) – and social identity theories, this research evaluated the role of identity with team as a predictor of positive buying behaviours amongst sport fans. The study included 735 adult fans of teams in the Professional Soccer League (PSL), South Africa’s foremost commercial football league. A cross-sectional research design was implemented through self-report measures that participants were requested to complete. Statistical analysis through structural equation modelling was utilised to assess the postulated measurement models and to scrutinise the anticipated structural paths between the variables. Indirect effects were evaluated through mediation techniques. Results revealed a direct association between identity with team and fan engagement and specified fan engagement as an activator of the identity experience into buying behaviour. Findings are discussed and recommendations made.
Journal article
See you at the match: Motivation for sport consumption
Stander, E., & Van Zyl, L. E.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 42(1), Art. #1302, 18 pages
Abstract
Local football contributes significantly to the social- and economic welfare of South Africa through its spectators. Understanding the motives and experiences of football spectators could provide opportunities for capitalising on football as revenue stream feeding the South African economy. The research purpose was to investigate how motives for sport consumption predict intrinsic psychological reward of South African premier league football spectators. Sport - particularly football - is an untapped resource for stimulating economic development and growth through its consumers. Spectators, who often experience their investment in the sport as deeply rewarding and meaningful, should participate more frequently in purchasing products or services associated with the sport. Through understanding the motives for sport consumption of South African premier league football spectators and the impact of these motives on intrinsic psychological reward experiences, football clubs are able to provide a targeted experience or service to spectators in order to further stimulate economic growth. A census sample of 806 football spectators attending various matches at a football stadium in Soweto was drawn. A cross-sectional research design was implemented. This research was exploratory and descriptive. Structural equation modelling was implemented to assess the factor structures of the constructs, to confirm composite reliability of the measures and to assess the structural paths between the variables. A predictive model for intrinsic psychological rewards (life satisfaction and meaning) through the motivation for sport consumption (individual – and game related factors) was confirmed. It was further established that motivation for sport consumption is significantly positively a) related to and b) associated with the experience of intrinsic psychological reward by South African football spectators. Football clubs should tailor spectator experiences around both individual and game related spectator motives in order to develop experiences associated with intrinsic psychological reward. The study contributes to consumer psychology research relating to the motives associated with the consumption of football within South Africa.
Journal article
An appreciation of learning disabilities in the South African context.
Nel, M. & Grosser, M.M.
Learning Disabilities: A Contemporary Journal Vol 14, Issue 1, Pages 79-92
Abstract
It is important that any education system should secure the provision of quality education to a diverse learner population. The development of Education White Paper Six (EWP6) special needs education, building an inclusive education, and training system (SA, 2001), reflects the South African government’s commitment towards the development of an inclusive education system that would enable all learners to realize their potential. This article provides insight into the unique initiatives aimed at translating the EWP6 policy ideals that recognize the needs, and rights of all learners, including those with learning disabilities in the South African context, into practice. In addition, the article elucidates the etiology, epidemiology, and processes for diagnosing, assessing, and supporting learners with learning disabilities, and concludes with a brief reference to challenges that could stifle the provision of quality education for learners with learning disabilities.
Journal article
Children’s positive adjustment to first grade in risk-filled communities: A case study of the role of school ecologies in South Africa and Finland.
Kumpulainen, K., Theron, L., Kahl, C., Bezuidenhout, C., Mikkola, A., Salmi, S., Khumalo, T., Uusitalo-Malmivaara, L.
School Psychology International Vol 37, Issue 2, Pages 121-139
Abstract
This article presents a comparative case study on the ways in which children’s school ecologies facilitate their adjusting positively to first grade in risk-filled contexts in South Africa and Finland. The insights of two children (one South African, one Finnish) from socio-economically disadvantaged communities, their teachers, parents and significant others constitute the data corpus of this study. The data were collected via semi structured interviews, ‘Day-in-the-Life’ video-recorded observations, and Draw-and-talk and photo elicitation methods. The data were analysed deductively using the seven, commonly recurring mechanisms of resilience as documented by Ungar (2015). The results demonstrate how resilience processes are co-constructed and gain their meaning within the given social ecology of a child. They underscore the importance of school ecologies being functional enough, in the face of socio-economic adversity, to continue to facilitate everyday resilience-supporting processes for children. The article ends by considering the lessons of this study for school psychologists.
Journal article
Bolstering resilience through teacher-student interaction: Lessons for school psychologists.
Liebenberg, L., Theron, L. C., Sanders, J., Munford, R., Van Rensburg, A., Rothmann, S., & Ungar, M.
School Psychology International Vol 37, Issue 2, Pages 140-154
Abstract
Schools are often the only formal service provider for young people living in socioeconomically marginalized communities, uniquely positioning school staff to support positive psychosocial outcomes of youth living in adverse contexts. Using data from 2,387 school-going young people [Canada (N=1,068), New Zealand (N=591), and South Africa (N=728)] living in marginalized communities and who participated in the Pathways to Resilience study, this article reviews how student experiences of school staff and school contexts moderated contextual risks and facilitated resilience processes. Findings of these analyses affirm that school staff play an important role in moderating the relationship between resilience resources and community/family risk in both global North and global South contexts. Findings hold important implications for school psychologists, including the need to champion the ways in which teachers can scaffold resilience resources for young people through the quality of the relationships they build with students.
Journal article
The everyday ways that school ecologies facilitate resilience: Implications for school psychologists.
Theron, L.C.
School Psychology International Vol 37, Issue 2, Pages 87-103
Abstract
From a socio-ecological perspective of resilience, social ecologies are crucial to children’s functional outcomes in the face of adversity. Schools, in particular, are integral to the multiple social systems that children are embedded in. Consequently schools have a special responsibility towards meaningfully and routinely supporting children’s resilience. Drawing on a synthesis of 33 publications, I document the everyday ways that school ecologies enact this responsibility. I caution that although much of this everyday routine is potentially protective, it neglects important leverage points for supporting resilience. These include championing resilience in contextually-sensitive ways, pre-empting risk and advocating for systemic change, and being mindful of the costs of resilience. To optimize these leverage points, school psychologists need child-informed understandings of how school ecologies facilitate resilience differentially. They also need to adopt an activist stance that animates social change. The resilience-themed edition of School Psychology International, which this article introduces, develops this agenda.
Journal article
Challenges experienced by district-based support teams in the execution of their functions in a specific South African province.
Makhalemele, T., & Nel, M.
International Journal of Inclusive Education Vol 20, Issue 2, Pages 168-184
Abstract
This article reports on the findings of an embedded mixed-method South African study that investigated the challenges experienced by District-Based Support Team (DBST) members in the sub-directorate of Inclusive Education of a South African province in the execution of their functions. A Likert-scale questionnaire and individual semi-structured interviews were used in the study. The findings showed that the participants experienced a variety of challenges in effectively executing their functions. These challenges included the ineffective integration of Special Schools as Resource Centres into the DBSTs, poor availability of infrastructure, equipment, human and physical resources, insufficient collaboration with the national department of education, a lack in adequate training of DBST members and an insufficient awareness of the role that they play in school communities.
Journal article
Predicting a high rate of self-assessed and parent-assessed peer problems: Is it typical for students with disabilities?
Schwab, S., Gebhardt, B., Hessels, M.G.P., & Nusser, L.
Research in Developmental Disabilities Vol 49-50, Pages 196-204
Abstract
Journal article
Comparing trust levels of male and female managers: Measurement invariance of the Behavioural Trust Inventory
Heyns, M., & Rothmann, S.
South African Journal of Psychology Vol 46, Issue 1, Pages 74-87
Abstract
Despite the widely acknowledged need for validated trust measurement instruments and the legal obligation to ensure that psychometric tests are unbiased towards different groups in South Africa, no attempt has ever been made to address the aim of this study, which is to investigate the measurement invariance of the Behavioural Trust Inventory for managers of different genders. A cross-sectional survey with a convenience sample (N = 539) was used. The Behavioural Trust Inventory and a biographical questionnaire were administered. The results showed that a two-factor model (consisting of reliance and disclosure) fitted the data best. Measurement invariance by gender was computed with the establishment of subsequent invariance constraints in the model parameters across groups. Configural, metric, and partial scalar invariances of the two-factor model of the Behavioural Trust Inventory were confirmed across male and female managers. One item that measures one’s willingness to share personal beliefs with a leader demonstrated a lack of scalar invariance for the female group; results for this item should therefore be treated with caution. Finally, latent factor mean analyses revealed no significant differences between male and female managers on the trust scales.
Journal article
Bolstering resilience through teacher-student interaction: Lessons for school psychologists.
Liebenberg, L., Theron, L. C., Sanders, J., Munford, R., Van Rensburg, A., Rothmann, S., & Ungar, M.
School Psychology International Vol doi:10.1177/0143034315614689
Abstract
Schools are often the only formal service provider for young people living in socioeconomically marginalized communities, uniquely positioning school staff to support positive psychosocial outcomes of youth living in adverse contexts. Using data from 2,387 school-going young people [Canada (N=1,068), New Zealand (N=591), and South Africa (N=728)] living in marginalized communities and who participated in the Pathways to Resilience study, this article reviews how student experiences of school staff and school contexts moderated contextual risks and facilitated resilience processes. Findings of these analyses affirm that school staff play an important role in moderating the relationship between resilience resources and community/family risk in both global North and global South contexts. Findings hold important implications for school psychologists, including the need to champion the ways in which teachers can scaffold resilience resources for young people through the quality of the relationships they build with students.
Journal article
The everyday ways that school ecologies facilitate resilience: Implications for school psychologists
Theron, L.
School Psychology International Vol doi:10.1177/0143034315615937
Abstract
From a socio-ecological perspective of resilience, social ecologies are crucial to children’s functional outcomes in the face of adversity. Schools, in particular, are integral to the multiple social systems that children are embedded in. Consequently schools have a special responsibility towards meaningfully and routinely supporting children’s resilience. Drawing on a synthesis of 33 publications, I document the everyday ways that school ecologies enact this responsibility. I caution that although much of this everyday routine is potentially protective, it neglects important leverage points for supporting resilience. These include championing resilience in contextually-sensitive ways, pre-empting risk and advocating for systemic change, and being mindful of the costs of resilience. To optimize these leverage points, school psychologists need child-informed understandings of how school ecologies facilitate resilience differentially. They also need to adopt an activist stance that animates social change. The resilience-themed edition of School Psychology International, which this article introduces, develops this agenda.
Journal article
Children’s positive adjustment to first grade in risk-filled communities: A case study of the role of school ecologies in South Africa and Finland.
Kumpulainen, K., Theron, L., Kahl, C., Bezuidenhout, C., Mikkola, A., Salmi, S., Khumalo, T., Uusitalo-Malmivaara, L.
School Psychology International Vol doi:10.1177/0143034315614687
Abstract
This article presents a comparative case study on the ways in which children’s school ecologies facilitate their adjusting positively to first grade in risk-filled contexts in South Africa and Finland. The insights of two children (one South African, one Finnish) from socio-economically disadvantaged communities, their teachers, parents and significant others constitute the data corpus of this study. The data were collected via semi-structured interviews, ‘Day-in-the-Life’ video-recorded observations, and Draw-and-talk and photo elicitation methods. The data were analysed deductively using the seven, commonly recurring mechanisms of resilience as documented by Ungar (2015). The results demonstrate how resilience processes are co-constructed and gain their meaning within the given social ecology of a child. They underscore the importance of school ecologies being functional enough, in the face of socio-economic adversity, to continue to facilitate everyday resilience-supporting processes for children. The article ends by considering the lessons of this study for school psychologists.
Journal article
The role of law in prompting parents to practice accountably with education partners.
De Waal, E., & Serfontein, E.M.
Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal Vol 18, Issue 6, Pages 2329-2346.
Abstract
Journal article
The role of teammate relationships, communication and self-efficacy in predicting athlete flow experience.
Stander, F.W., Rothmann, S., & Botha, E.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 25, Issue 6, Pages 494-503
Abstract
This study aimed at testing a structural model of athlete flow in a sample of South African students. A quantitative, cross-sectional research design was implemented. Participants completed self-report measures at pre-arranged times that were in close proximity to the completion of athletic activity. Student athletes (n = 235) participating in South Africa’s two major sports, football and rugby, were surveyed. The instruments utilised in this study included the Short Flow State Scale-2, the Questionnaire on Experience and Assessment of Work, and the Generalised Self-Efficacy Scale. The results indicated positive relationships between the variables and established predictor paths. Teammate relationships and self-efficacy were established to as the best predictors of flow experiences of athletes.
Journal article
A bibliography of randomized controlled experiments in Social Work (1949–2013): Solvitur Ambulando.
Thyer, B.A.
Research on Social Work Practice Vol 25, Issue 7, Pages 753-793
Abstract
A strong theme in the social work literature contends that randomized experiments are an impractical, inappropriate, unethical, and rarely undertaken research method for use in social work. In a test of this claim, the author undertook a review of the English language published literature and prepared a provisional bibliography of primary social work studies that used experimental methodology. Astonishingly, over 740 such studies were located, with the first being published in 1949. The existence of this large experimental social work literature has been largely unrecognized, in part, because much of it has appeared in a diverse array of journals associated with other disciplines. It is no longer tenable to claim that experiments are either impractical or inappropriate as a social work research method of value in making causal inferences. This bibliography will be amended in coming years, and subsequent analyses of the types of problems and interventions, which are the focus of these studies, will add to the empirical foundations of social work practice.
Journal article
Requirements for evidence by a forensic social worker as set by the Supreme Court of Appeal.
Fouché, A., & Fouché, D.F.
Child Abuse Research in South Africa Vol 16, Issue 2, Pages 105-115
Abstract
In South Africa, complainants of child sexual abuse are often referred to forensic social workers from whom it is expected to conduct interviews and compile reports in an attempt to corroborate or refute the allegations made by the child complainant regarding sexual abuse. In some instances the forensic social worker is called to testify in court as an expert witness. Great uncertainty exists in practice concerning the interviewing methods to be utilized, what the requirements of the court are in this regard and whether the testimony of forensic social workers can be used to corroborate the allegations of the child complainant. Until recently case law was silent on these specific matters. It is the authors’ submission that a breakthrough has been made in a recent Supreme Court of Appeal case, De Sousa v The State 2014 (769/13) ZASCA 142, during which the expert testimony of a forensic social worker was acknowledged by the Supreme Court of Appeal. An analysis of this case is presented and the requirements met by her are pointed out. These can serve as guidelines for expert testimony given by forensic social workers, which could be accepted in court. Some recommendations for research and practice are proposed.
Journal article
Job insecurity, sense of coherence and the general health of employees at a higher education institution in South Africa.
Setati, S., Stander, M.W., & Ukpere, W.I.
Corporate Ownership and Control Journal Vol 12, Issue 4, Pages 660-670
Abstract
Journal article
Experiencing a sense of calling: The influence of meaningful work on teachers’ work attitudes.
Willemse, M., & Deacon, E.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 41, Issue 1, Pages Art. #1274, 9 pages.
Abstract
Journal article
Meaning in work of secondary educators: A qualitative study.
Fourie, M., & Deacon, E.
South African Journal of Education Vol 35, Issue 3, Pages Art. # 1047, 8 pages, doi: 10.15700/saje.v35n3a1047
Abstract
In order to identify specific, shared sources of meaning and mechanisms with which individuals attempt to make meaning, the objectives of this study were to explore the way in which secondary school teachers perceive, conceptualise and attain meaning in their work. A qualitative design with a henomenological strategy was used with a convenience sample (n = 20) of teachers. Semi-structured, one-to-one interviews with open-ended questions were used to gather data. Participants were asked to diarise related issues for five working days following the interview, in order to strengthen and validate the interviews’ results. The results showed that the participants conceptualise meaning as purpose and significance, and that the main sources of meaning related to work include the transfer of knowledge, and making a positive difference in the learners’ lives. Forming relationships based on trust and receiving feedback was also important. The main mechanisms identified were putting effort into preparations, while this group of participants reported that meaning leads to the experience of happiness and personal satisfaction. Although most of these findings support those in the broader literature, there are differences in the emphasis placed on some of the findings, due to the context of education in South Africa. From the results, recommendations were made to create opportunities for teachers to experience more meaning in their work.
Journal article
Enacting understanding of inclusion in complex contexts classroom practices of South African teachers
Engelbrecht, P., Nel, M. Nel, N. M. & Tlale, L. D.
South African Journal of Education Vol 35, Issue 3, Pages Art. # 1074, 10 pages
Abstract
While the practice of inclusive education has recently been widely embraced as an ideal model for education, the acceptance of inclusive education practices has not translated into reality in most mainstream classrooms. Despite the fact that education policies in South Africa stipulate that all learners should be provided with the opportunities to participate as far as possible in all classroom activities, the implementation of inclusive education is still hampered by a combination of a lack of resources and the attitudes and actions of the teachers in the classroom. The main purpose of this paper was to develop a deeper understanding of a group of South African teachers’ personal understanding about barriers to learning and how their understanding relates to their consequent actions to implement inclusive education in their classrooms. A qualitative research approach placed within a cultural-historical and bio-ecological theoretical framework was used. The findings, in this paper, indicate that the way in which teachers understand a diversity of learning needs is based on the training that they initially received as teachers, which focused on a deficit, individualised approach to barriers to learning and development, as well as contextual challenges, and that both have direct and substantial effects on teachers’ classroom practices. As a result, they engage in practices in their classrooms that are less inclusive, by creating dual learning opportunities that are not sufficiently made available for everyone, with the result that every learner is not able to participate fully as an accepted member of their peer group in all classroom activities.
Journal article
Authentic leadership, psychological capital, job satisfaction and intention to leave in state-owned enterprises.
Amunkete, S., & Rothmann, S.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 25, Issue 4, Pages 271-281
Abstract
This study investigated the relations among authentic leadership, psychological capital, job satisfaction and intention to leave within state-owned enterprises in Namibia. Participants were a convenience sample of 452 employees (females?=?49 .6%, mean age?=?37 .36, SD?=?8 .57) state-owned enterprises in Namibia. They completed the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire, Psychological Capital Questionnaire, Job Satisfaction Questionnaire and Turnover Intention Scale. Structural equation modelling was utilised to investigate the relations among authentic leadership, psychological capital, job satisfaction and intention to leave. The findings indicated that authentic leadership was positively associated with psychological capital (i.e. experiences of hope, optimism, self-efficacy and resilience) and job satisfaction. Authentic leadership affected job satisfaction indirectly via psychological capital. Psychological capital had a medium to large indirect effect on employees’ intentions to leave. The findings suggest that authentic leadership and psychological capital explain job satisfaction and retention of employees in state-owned enterprises.
Journal article
Towards a culturally- and contextually-sensitive understanding of resilience: Privileging the voices of black, South African young people.
Theron, L. C.
Journal of Adolescent Research
Abstract
Extant theories of resilience, or the process of adjusting well to adversity, privilege the voices of minority-world young people. Consequently, the resilience of marginalized, majority-world youth is imperfectly understood, and majority-world social ecologies struggle to facilitate resilience in ways that respect the insights of majority-world youth and their cultural and contextual positioning. Accordingly, this article makes audible, as it were, the voices of 181 rural, Black, South African adolescents with the purpose of explicating which resilience-supporting processes characterize their positive adjustment to disadvantaged life-worlds, and how contextual and cultural realities shape such processes. Deductive and inductive analyses of a narrative and visual data set, generated in the qualitative phase of an explanatory mixed-methods study, revealed that universally occurring resilience-supporting mechanisms inform positive adjustment. Importantly, which mechanisms these youth prioritized, and the form these mechanisms take, are shaped by contextual realities of absent men and commonplace suffering, and a cultural reality of strong women, human and spiritual care, and valorization of education. Attention to these adolescents’ voices not only prompts specific, culturally and contextually relevant leverage points for resilience but also reinforces the importance of attending to young people’s preferred pathways of resilience in order to understand and champion resilience in socially just ways.
Journal article
Reflective supervision: guidelines for promoting resilience amongst designated social workers.
Truter, E., & Fouche, A.
Social Work/Maatskaplike Werk Vol 51, Issue 2, Pages 221-243
Abstract
The importance of child protection as well as the designated social workers (DSWs) assigned to them, and the jeopardy they face, is well recognised. Although there is a call to enhance DSW resilience, little is known about their resilience, and there are no guidelines to equip South African DSW supervisors to promote supervisee resilience. This article proposes resilience-enhancing guidelines for South African DSWs within reflective supervision. These suggested guidelines are based on empirical research findings pertaining to (a) a systematic meta-synthesis of DSW risk and resilience; (b) indicators of South African DSW resilience; and (c) the lived experiences of 15 resilient South African DSWs.
Journal article
Leadership empowering behaviour, psychological empowerment, organisational citizenship behaviours and turnover intenion in a manufacturing division.
Bester, J., Stander, M.W., & Van Zyl, L.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 41(1), Art. #1215, 14 pages. doi: 10.4102/sajip.v41i1.1215
Abstract
Employees’ perceptions of their leaders’ behaviour play a role in creating empowering environments where employees are willing to do more than what is expected, with retention of employees as a result. The aim of this study was to theoretically conceptualise and empirically determine the relationships between employees’ perception of their leaders’ empowering, psychological empowerment, organisational citizenship behaviours and intention to leave within a manufacturing division of an organisation. In the ever-changing work environment, organisations must capitalise on their human capital in order to maintain competitiveness. It is therefore important to identify the role of employees’ perception of leadership in contributing to the establishment of an environment where employees feel empowered, are willing to do more than what is expected and want to stay in the organisation. A non-experimental, cross-sectional survey design was used. The total population (N = 300) employed at the manufacturing division was targeted. Two hundred completed questionnaires were obtained. The Leader Empowering Behaviour Questionnaire, Measuring Empowerment Questionnaire, Organisational Citizenship Behaviour Questionnaire and Intention to Leave Scale were administered. Employees’ perception of their leaders’ empowering behaviour (keeping employees accountable, self-directed decision-making and people development), psychological empowerment (attitude and influence) and organisational citizenship behaviours (loyalty, deviant behaviour and participation) predict intention to leave the organisation. Organisations should foster the elements of a positive empowerment, organisation, in this case leader empowering behaviours, if they want to retain their employees, organisational citizenship behaviours and turnover.
Journal article
A review of quantitative studies of South African youth resilience: Some gaps.
Van Rensburg, A.C., Theron, L.C., & Rothmann, S.
South African Journal of Science Vol 111, Issue 7/8, Pages 1-9
Abstract
Resilience (positive adjustment to hardship) relies on a socioecologically facilitated process in which individuals navigate towards, and negotiate for, health-promoting resources, and their social ecology, in return, provides support in culturally aligned ways (Ungar, Trauma Violence & Abuse 2013;14(3):255–266). In the light of international critiques of the conceptualisation and measurement of resilience, the aim of this study was to systematically review quantitative studies of South African youth resilience in order to consider to what extent such studies failed to address documented critique (Luthar et al., Child Development 2000;71(3):543–562). We argue that, for the most part, quantitative studies of South African youth resilience did not mirror international developments of understanding resilience as a complex socioecologically facilitated process. Furthermore, the majority of reviewed studies lacked a culturally or contextually sound measurement and contained conflicting operationalisations of resilience-related constructs. Essentially, the results of this study call for quantitative studies that will statistically explain the complex dynamic resilience-supporting transactions between South African youth and their contexts and guide mental health practitioners and service providers towards more precise explanations and promotion of resilience in South African youth.
Journal article
The relationship between employment equity perceptions and psychological ownership in a South African mining house: The role of ethnicity.
Olckers, C., & Van Zyl, L.
Social Indicators Research
Abstract
Psychological ownership is a cognitive–affective construct based on individuals’ feelings of possessiveness towards and of being psychologically tied/attached to objects that are material (e.g. tools or work) and immaterial (e.g. ideas or workspace) in nature. Research suggests that psychological ownership could be in?uenced by various individual, organisational and contextual factors. The South African Employment Equity Act, which was implemented to grant equitable opportunities to previously disadvantaged employees, could be a signi?cant contextual factor affecting psychological ownership, due to perceptions associated with inequality. Ethnicity may also act as a moderator for the relationship between perceptions of employment equity and psychological ownership. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between employment equity perceptions and psychological ownership and to explore whether ethnicity plays a moderating role in the relationship. A cross-sectional survey design was employed with a purposeful sample of 202 respondents employed in a large South African mining house. Pearson product–moment correlations and structural equation modelling con?rmed that employment equity perceptions could predict the ?ve components of psychological ownership. However, the results revealed that ethnicity has no moderating effect on the relationship between perceptions of employment equity and the emergence of psychological ownership. By implication, organisations that seek to retain employees targeted through equity initiatives need to ?nd ways to enhance and develop the psychological ownership of these employees. The research contributes new insights into and knowledge of how contextual factors could in?uence employees’ psychological ownership.
Journal article
Artisanal fisheries in the Ndumo area of the lower Phongolo River Floodplain, South Africa.
Coetzee, H., Nell, H. W., Van Eeden, E. & De Crom, E.
Koedoe Vol 57, Issue 1, Pages 1-6
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the status of artisanal fisheries in the lower Phongolo River floodplain in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A cross-sectional quantitative survey design was used that included the development of a questionnaire and a systematic survey among the five villages bordering the Ndumo Game Reserve. Data were collected over a 5-day period by a group of 16 fieldworkers and analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 21. The results revealed that fish was the third most consumed protein in the area, that people consumed fish on average twice a week, that at least six fish species (and one recently introduced crayfish species) were consumed regularly, and that most fish were obtained from local vendors, who in turn bought it from local fishermen and -women. Fishing activities also appeared to occur predominantly along the river system and targeted mainly red-breasted tilapia (Tilapia rendalli) and Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and, to a slightly lesser extent, African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and brown squeaker (Synodontis zambezensis). Given that Ndumo residents predominantly catch fish by means of non-commercial methods, that they do so for reasons of personal consumption and subsistence, and that they mostly target rivers and dams rather than the ecologically sensitive pans in the region, it would seem likely that fishing in the region might be sustainable for the moment. However, it is recommended that studies on the local fish populations and their reproductive rates be conducted so that the actual impact on local fish populations can be determined more accurately. This study serves to provide the necessary baseline data on fish utilisation in the region, which would enable the impact of artisanal fishing on fish reserves in the Ndumo region to be determined once population studies have been completed.
Journal article
Proactive behaviour towards strength use and deficit improvement, hope and efficacy as predictors of life satisfaction amongst first-year university students.
Stander, F.W., Diedericks, E., Mostert, K., & De Beer, L.T.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 41(1), Art.#1248, 10 pages.
Abstract
The orientation of this study is towards proactive behaviour towards strength use (PBSU) and proactive behaviour towards deficit improvement (PBDI) and their relationship with hope, efficacy and life satisfaction of first-year university students. The aims were to determine whether PBSU and PBDI predict life satisfaction, determine whether PBSU and PBDI predict hope and efficacy, and investigate a structural model where hope and efficacy mediate the relationship between PBSU and PBDI and life satisfaction. A convenience sample of 566 first-year students from a university in Gauteng was used with a cross-sectional research design. Structural equation modelling was used to establish the validity of the measurement model, fit for the structural model and to test the mediating effects. The results indicated that PBSU was a significant predictor of hope, efficacy and life satisfaction and that PBDI was a significant predictor of hope and efficacy. Hope mediated the relationship between PBSU, PBDI and life satisfaction. Efficacy mediated the relationship between PBSU and life satisfaction. Evidence suggests that PBSU was a predictor of life satisfaction. This was not the case with PBDI, which in fact negatively correlated with life satisfaction. Both PBSU and PBDI, however, predicted hope and efficacy. On a practical level this reveals that universities should, in line with positive organisational behaviour, introduce interventions that develop PBSU and PBDI amongst first-year students. It further suggests that, as is postulated by positive psychology, universities should focus more particularly on developing the ability of strength use amongst students, as opposed to deficit improvement. This research proposes a strong case for the introduction of interventions that promote first-year university students’ ability for strength use, in particular, but also for deficit improvement, in line with positive organisational behaviour. Further, it validates for strength use as a stronger value proposition in achieving life satisfaction, supporting the philosophy of positive psychology.
Journal article
Authentic leadership as a source of optimism, trust in the organisation and work engagement in the public health care sector.
Stander, F.W., De Beer, L.T., & Stander, M.W.
South African Journal of Human Resource Management Vol 13, Issue 1, Art. #675, 12 pages, Pages http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v.13i1675
Abstract
Journal article
Meaningful work and secondary school teachers’ intention to leave
Janik, M., & Rothmann, S.
South African Journal of Education Vol 35, Issue 2, Pages Art. # 1008, 13 pages, doi: 10.15700/saje.v35n2a1008
Abstract
The study investigates the relations between secondary school teachers’ work-role fit, job enrichment, supervisor relationships, co-worker relationships, psychological meaningfulness of work and intention to leave. A cross-sectional survey was used. The participants were 502 secondary school teachers in Namibia. The following measuring instruments were used: Work-role Fit Scale, Job Enrichment Scale, Co-worker and Supervisor Relationships Scales, psychological Meaningfulness Scale and Turnover Intention Scale. Work-role fit and job enrichment both had direct positive effect on experiences of psychological meaningfulness at work, while poor work-role fit and low psychological meaningfulness both had a direct effect on teachers’ intentions to leave. An analysis of the indirect effects showed that poor work-role fit and poor job enrichment affected intention to leave due to the concomitant experience of low psychological meaningfulness. These findings have implications for the retention of teachers in secondary schools.
Journal article
Dimensionality of trust: An analysis of the relationship between propensity, trustworthiness and trust.
Heyns, M. & Rothmann, S.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 41 , Issue 1, Art. #1263, Pages 12 pages. http:// dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v41i1.1263.
Abstract
Research concerning trust relationships on the interpersonal level, particularly when studied in dyadic relationships from the follower’s point of view, is relatively scarce. Only a few researchers have attempted to link multiple dimensions of trust in the same study. This study examined the dynamic interplay between trust propensity, trustworthiness beliefs and the decision to trust, as perceived within dyadic workplace relationships. No studies as far as the authors are aware of, have ever attempted to use a combination of Mayer and Davis’s (1999) well known assessment of trustworthiness and Gillespie’s (2003) measure of behavioural trust within the same study. By including measures of main antecedents and the actual decision to trust in the same study, the multidimensionality of trust can be established more concretely. A cross-sectional survey design with a convenience sample (N=539) was used. The Behavioural Trust Inventory and the Organisational Trust Instrument were administered. Results confirmed the distinctness of propensity, trustworthiness and trust as separate main constructs. Trust was strongly associated with trustworthiness beliefs. Trustworthiness beliefs fully mediated the relation between propensity and trust. The observed relations between propensity and trustworthiness suggest that individuals with a natural predisposition to trust others will be more inclined to perceive a specific trust referent as trustworthy. Leaders should realise that their attitudes and behaviour have a decisive impact on trust formation processes - if they are being perceived as trustworthy, followers will be likely to respond by engaging in trusting behaviours towards them. Tools to assess followers’ perceptions of the trustworthiness of the leader may provide useful feedback that can guide leaders. This study contributes to scientific knowledge regarding the influence of propensity to trust and trustworthiness on trust of leaders.
Journal article
A structural model of technology acceptance
Erasmus, E., Rothmann, S., & Van Eeden, C.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 41, Issue 1, Pages Art. #1222, 12 pages.
Abstract
Enterprise resource systems have not always led to significant organisational enhancement and many projects in which these systems have been implemented turn out to be over budget, not on time and unsuccessful. The aim of this study was to test the technology acceptance model within a South African SAP® Enterprise Resource Planning user environment. No study could be traced in which the technology acceptance model has been evaluated in the South African context. A cross-sectional survey design was used. The 23-item Technology Acceptance Model Questionnaire was deployed amongst SAP® Enterprise Resource Planning users (N = 241). The results confirmed significant paths from perceived usefulness of the information system to attitudes towards and behavioural intentions to use it. Furthermore, behavioural intention to use the system predicted actual use thereof. Perceived ease of use indirectly affected attitudes towards and behavioural intentions to use via perceived usefulness of the information system. Practitioners should build user confidence by ensuring the ease of use of a new system, providing relevant education, training and guidance and reiterating its usefulness and future added value to the user’s job and career. This study contributes to scientific knowledge regarding the influence of individuals’ perceptions of information system usage on their attitudes, behavioural intentions and actual use of such a system.
Journal article
Education services and resilience processes: Resilient Black South African students' experiences.
Theron, L.C., Theron, A.M.C.
Children and Youth Services Review Vol 47, Issue 3, Pages 297-306
Abstract
The resilience literature is increasingly drawing attention to formal service provision as a means for social ecologies to support children's and youths' positive adjustment to challenging life circumstances. This article interrogates the universality and simplicity of this argument. Using a secondary data analysis of the life stories of 16 resilient, Black South African students from impoverished families, we show that education services predominated students' childhood and youth experience of formal support and that there was scant experience of other formal services. We theorise that contextual and cultural speci?cs informed the dominance of education services. However, this service did not consistently facilitate resilience processes. When it did, education services were characterised by active teacher–community connectedness and student responsiveness. Moreover, education service providers (i.e., teachers and principals) engaged in supportive actions that went beyond the Black South Africans scope of typical teacher tasks. Thus, we suggest that formal service facilitation of resilience processes is complex. It requires collaborative activity that might well demand atypical service acts.
Journal article
Using video observation and photo elicitation interviews to understand obscured processes in the lives of youth resilience.
Liebenberg, L., Ungar, M., & Theron, L. C.
Childhood Vol 21, Issue 4, Pages 532-547
Abstract
Despite the increased effort to understand resilience processes in the lives of youth, the homogeneity of a largely westernized concept needs to be challenged in studies by incorporating meanings of resilience more relevant to youth around the globe. This requires a reconsideration of the methods used to study youth resilience. This article outlines the interactive dialogical process involved in visual elicitation methods that combine moving and still images, resulting in a broader reflective exploration of research questions. Consideration is given specifically to how the combination of these methods better facilitates exploration of previously unarticulated experiences of marginalized youth populations and the processes they engage in to nurture and sustain resilience.
Journal article
Organisational and individual strengths use as predictors of engagement and productivity.
Stander, F. W., Mostert, K., & De Beer, L. T.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 24, Issue 5, Pages 403-409
Abstract
This study sought to determine whether Perceived Organisational Support for Strengths Use (POSSU) and Proactive Behaviour towards Strengths Use (PBSU) predict engagement and productivity in a sample of South African call centre operators. Participants were 218 call centre operators within the financial services sector (females = 51%, males = 49%), representative of the South African population, and predominantly holding secondary educational qualifications. Information was gathered through a cross-sectional quantitative research design comprising self-report measures. The measures were administered on site within a call centre of one of the country’s largest financial service providers. Structural equation modelling methods were implemented to establish the model fit of the constructs in the study and to explain structural paths between the variables. Findings showed that POSSU and PBSU are significant predictors of work engagement. PBSU predicted productivity. In addition, engagement mediated the relationship between POSSU/PBSU and productivity. This supports the theoretical context of the job demands-resources (JD-R) model and provides grounds for further exploration of the strengths-based approach (on both organisational and individual levels) as a developmental approach to utilise within organisations to enhance engagement and productivity.
Journal article
The critical thinking dispositions of prospective Mathematics teachers at a South African university: New directions for teacher training.
Kloppers, M., & Grosser, M.M.
International Journal of Educational Science Vol 7, Issue 3, Pages 413-427
Abstract
The researchers report on findings obtained by means of a sequential, explanatory, mixed-method study with a convenient and purposefully selected group of second-year Mathematics students at a South African university (n = 29). Using a self-developed questionnaire, the researchers profiled how important students perceive critical thinking dispositions to be in Mathematics. Further, narratives focused on understanding the factors that may influence these perceptions. The findings revealed that dimensions of inquisitiveness, judiciousness, open-mindedness, systematicity, truth seeking, analyticity and confidence appear to require encouragement. In particular, the factors that influenced the perceptions of the students centred on classroom-related issues.
Journal article
Indicators of resilience in resilient South African designated social workers: Professional perspectives.
Truter, E., Theron, L., & Fouché, A.
The Social Work Practitioner-Researcher Vol 26, Issue 3, Pages 305-329
Abstract
South African designated social workers (DSWs), also known as child protection social workers (CPSWs) internationally, are placed at risk for suboptimal personal and professional functioning, given the demanding nature of their work. Consequently, there is worldwide agreement that social worker and particularly CPSW resilience should be explored. Empirical research about resilience processes in South African DSWs has, however, been neglected. Since resilience is culture- and context-specific, exploration of South African DSW resilience is necessitated. In order to explore their resilience, given the lack of informative literature, it is essential to recruit resilient South African DSWs. Drawing on a qualitative study, this manuscript theorises what resilience in resilient South African DSWs entails, as perceived by an advisory panel. These hypothesised indicators lay the groundwork for recruiting resilient South African DSWs to participate in continued empirical research to enhance understandings of their resilience, with cautious application to DSWs in similar contexts.
Journal article
Towards happiness-interventions: Construct clarification and intervention methodologies.
Van Zyl, L.E., & Rothmann, S.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 24, Issue 4, Pages 327-341
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the main streams of research on happiness, the approaches/models flowing from these philosophies and the methodology of happiness interventions. An integrated review was performed outlining the authors, the purpose of the research, the nature of the sample/setting, the method utilised and the key findings. Peer-reviewed articles published between 1950 and 2013, written in English/Afrikaans, and which examined the concepts of happiness were analysed. The results showed three causes for failing interventions: (a) unidimensional models/approaches towards happiness, (b) targeting the concept of happiness instead of mediating factors; and (c) fragmented methodological interventions. The results support the need for a multidimensional model of happiness. Interventions focusing on psychological processes and utilising multi-facet methodologies should be developed and implemented to promote happiness. This study contributes to the existing literature by providing an integrative framework for positive psychological interventions directed at happiness.
Journal article
Occupational stress of registered nurses in South Africa. Journal of Psychology in Africa
Van der Colff, J. J., & Rothmann, S.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 24, Issue 4, Pages 375-384
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify occupational stressors for professional nurses in South Africa. A cross-sectional survey design was used. A stratified random sample of professional nurses (n = 818; females = 97%) in hospitals in South Africa was used. The Nursing Stress Indicator (NSI) was administrated together with a biographical questionnaire. Three internally consistent stress factors, namely lack of organisational support, job demands and nursing-specific demands, were extracted. The most severe stressors for professional nurses included staff shortages, inadequate salaries and excessive administrative duties. Work overload, fellow workers not doing their job, health risks posed by contact with patients and demands of patients were also identified as stressors. Stress was associated with specific factors, including age, position (rank), care unit, and work experience.
Journal article
Do they adapt or react? A comparison of the stress reaction model and the adaptation model among South African unemployed.
Griep, Y., Baillien, E., Vleugels, W., Rothmann, S., & De Witte, H.
Economic and Industrial Democracy Vol 35, Issue 4, Pages 717-736
Abstract
This study investigates affective experience as a function of unemployment duration in South Africa. The study contrasts two models. The stress reaction model proposes a linear decrease of affective experience as unemployment prolongs. The adaptation model assumes a curvilinear pattern between affective experience and unemployment duration. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with contrast revealed no differences in affective experience between short-term (N = 101), long-term (N = 152) and very long-term (N = 119) unemployed. The findings do not favour either of the models, yet indicate that unemployment is a severe stressor regardless of its duration. These results underline the need for structural changes (e.g. delivering unemployment benefits, stimulating job creation) in order to overcome the negative affective experiences of the South African unemployed.
Journal article
South African teachers’ views of collaboration in inclusive education.
Nel, M., Engelbrecht, P., Nel, N.M. & Tlale, D.
International Journal of Inclusive Education Vol 18, Issue 9, Pages 903-917
Abstract
The development of sustainable collaborative partnerships between different role players within an inclusive education system seems to be a continuous challenge in South Africa. The focus of this research study was to understand how teachers view collaboration within an inclusive education system. Open-ended questionnaires were completed by 85 participating teachers and focus group interviews were employed with 24 educators. The ?ndings indicate that educators still believe that they are not adequately trained and skilled to play an equal role in a collaborative partnership and prefer to rather refer learners experiencing barriers to learning to other support structures and professionals for support.
Journal article
A structural model of student well-being.
Mokgele, K.R.F. & Rothmann, S.
South African Journal of Psychology Vol 44, Issue 4, Pages 514-527
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test a structural model of study demands and resources, student burnout, engagement, health, and satisfaction with life. A cross-sectional survey was used with first-year students in higher education institutions in South Africa (N = 936). The Study Demands and Resources Questionnaire, Oldenburg Burnout Inventory, Health Questionnaire, and Satisfaction with Life Scale were administered. The results showed that study demands and a lack of study resources (including the intrinsic nature of study tasks, relationships with lecturers, and social support of peers) were positively associated with burnout. The availability of study resources was positively associated with psychological well-being and engagement. Burnout predicted psychological unwell-being symptoms, while engagement predicted satisfaction with life. Burnout partially mediated the relationship between a lack of study resources and psychological unwell-being, while engagement partially mediated the relationship between the availability of study resources and satisfaction with life.
Journal article
Burnout and engagement of academics in higher education institutions: Effects of dispositional optimism.
Barkhuizen, N., Rothmann, S., & Van de Vijver, A. J. R.
Stress and Health Vol 30, Pages 322-332
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships among dispositional optimism, job demands and resources, burnout, work engagement, ill health and organizational commitment of South African academic staff in higher education institutions. A cross-sectional survey design was used, with strati?ed random samples (N=595) taken of academics in South African higher education institutions. The results con?rmed that job demands and a lack of job resources contributed to burnout, whereas job resources contributed to work engagement. Dispositional optimism had a strong direct effect on perceptions of job resources as well as strong indirect effects (via job resources) on burnout, work engagement, ill health and organizational commitment. The results of this study extend the dual-process model of burnout and engagement by demonstrating the strong effects of dispositional optimism on the constructs in the model.
Journal article
Legal professionals' views on pre-trial therapy in cases of child sexual abuse in South Africa.
Fouché, A., & Le Roux, M.P.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 24, Issue 2, Pages 207-214
Abstract
The aim of this study is to report on a preliminary qualitative inquiry into the views of legal professionals in South Africa regarding pre-trial therapy for victims of child sexual abuse (CSA). Applying purposive and snowball sampling, 15 experienced state prosecutors, presiding officers of criminal courts, and defence attorneys and advocates in the Gauteng Province were interviewed. Primary themes were identified in the data, namely: therapy is crucial, but the timing thereof is a contentious aspect, due to the ripple effect that contamination of the child’s evidence could have and there are no directives regarding pre-trial therapy in South Africa. The results suggest conflict in the criminal justice system between the constitutional rights of the accused and that of the alleged victim of CSA. We recommend that ways should be explored to provide pre-trial therapy for victims of CSA that will not affect the integrity of the legal case.
Journal article
South African teachers’ views of collaboration in inclusive education.
Nel, M., Engelbrecht, P., Nel, N.M. & Tlale, D.
International Journal of Inclusive Education Vol 18, Issue 9, Pages 903-917
Abstract
The development of sustainable collaborative partnerships between different role players within an inclusive education system seems to be a continuous challenge in South Africa. The focus of this research study was to understand how teachers view collaboration within an inclusive education system. Open-ended questionnaires were completed by 85 participating teachers and focus group interviews were employed with 24 educators. The ?ndings indicate that educators still believe that they are not adequately trained and skilled to play an equal role in a collaborative partnership and prefer to rather refer learners experiencing barriers to learning to other support structures and professionals for support.
Journal article
Exploring the relationship between religious fundamentalism, life satisfaction, and meaning in life.
Nell, H.W.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 24, Issue 2, Pages 159-166
Abstract
This study explored the relationship between life satisfaction, meaning in life, and religious fundamentalism among 420 participants (28.8% male, 88.4% African, 8.4% White) residing in the Gauteng province of South Africa. A cross-sectional quantitative survey design was followed. Data were collected using the Meaning in Life questionnaire and the Satisfaction with Life scale, and analysed by means of latent variable modelling. Results indicated that meaning in life acted as a mediator between religious fundamentalism and life satisfaction. This suggests that in some cases, fundamentalist religious attitudes might be adaptive in that it provides its adherents with a clear framework of meaning and definite answers to life’s existential uncertainties.
Journal article
Employee engagement: The effects of work-home/home-work interaction and psychological conditions
Rothmann, S. & Baumann, C.
South African of Journal of Economic and Management Sciences Vol 17, Issue 4, Pages 515-530
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between work-home/home-work interaction, psychological conditions and employee engagement. A cross-sectional survey was used. The participants were 292 employees of a uranium mine in Namibia residing in towns distant from their workplace. The following measuring instruments were used: Survey Work-Home Interaction – Nijmegen, Psychological Conditions Scale and Work Engagement Scale. Positive work-home interaction and negative home-work interaction had direct positive and negative effects on psychological meaningfulness and psychological availability respectively. Psychological meaningfulness, psychological availability, positive work-home interaction and positive home-work interaction had direct effects on employee engagement. An analysis of the indirect effects showed that positive work-home interaction affected employee engagement via experiences of psychological meaningfulness and psychological availability. Negative home-work interaction affected employee engagement negatively via low psychological meaningfulness and low psychological availability. Implementing policies to promote meaningfulness and availability at work, to build positive work-home interaction and to protect employees against negative home-work interference, will contribute to personal engagement at work.
Journal article
Improving some cognitive functions, specifically executive functions, in grade R-learners.
Esterhuizen, S.M. & Grosser, M.M.
South African Journal of Childhood Education Vol 4, Issue 1, Pages 112-130
Abstract
This study established the effects of a researcher-developed curriculum-based intervention programme. The intervention was grounded on principles of Feuerstein’s ideas about ‘mediated learning’. The aim of the intervention was specifically to address children’s executive functions, which are generally regarded as prerequisites for cognitive development. We studies a selected group of South African grade R learners (n = 20). A quasi-experimental design was employed to collect quantitative data on rotational basis from experimental groups A and B, by means of dynamic assessment with the Children’s Inferential Thinking Modifiability (CITM) test during pretest, posttest and delayed post-test occasions. The test data was intended to elicit the extent to which the intervention that had focused on enhancing executive functions had contributed to the participants’ application of cognitive and metacognitive skills and strategies. Qualitative data captured participants’ application of cognitive processes in the input, elaboration, and output phases of the designed learning process, as well as the characteristics of their inhibitory control functions. A striking finding was the improvement noted in the children’s application of the following executive functions, namely working memory, cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control.
Journal article
Meaning-making and resilience: Case studies of a multifaceted process.
Theron, L. C. & Theron, A. M. C.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 24, Issue 1, Pages 37-51
Abstract
Journal article
Validation of the Meaning in Life Questionnaire in an African context.
Temane, L., Khumalo, I. P., & Wissing, M. P.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 24, Issue 1, Pages 81-95
Abstract
Journal article
Presence of meaning and search for meaning as mediators between spirituality and psychological well-being in a South African sample.
Khumalo, I. P., Wissing, M. P. & Schutte, L.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 24, Issue 1, Pages 97-114
Abstract
Journal article
Meaning as perceived and experienced by an African student group.
Wissing, M.P., Khumalo, I.P., & Chigeza, S.C.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 24, Issue 1, Pages 145-160
Abstract
Journal article
Sources of life meaning among South African university students.
Nell, H. W.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 24, Issue 1, Pages 129-143
Abstract
This study explored the sources of meaning in life among a group of 243 South African university students, using a sequential exploratory mixed methods design. First, data from semi-structured questionnaires (n = 40) were subjected to qualitative content analysis; next, from the emerging themes, a quantitative questionnaire was developed and administered to 203 students. Mean scores were computed and compared across gender and cultural groups. Relationships, especially with family, as well as hope, education, achievement and religion were found to be most important sources of meaning, followed by service, creative self-expression, material possessions, hobbies, health and pets. The qualitative analysis revealed that most of these sources were valued more for their perceived instrumental utility than for their intrinsic qualities.
Journal article
Burnout of registered nurses in South Africa.
Van der Colff, J.J., & Rothmann, S.
Journal of Nursing Management Vol 22, Issue 5, Pages 630-642
Abstract
The nursing profession is seen as a stressful and emotionally demanding profession, which makes nurses susceptible to burnout. The aims of this study were to validate the Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) for registered nurses in South Africa and to analyze the differences between the levels of burnout of different biographical groups. A cross-sectional survey design with a stratified random sample (N = 818) was used. The MBI-HSS and a biographical questionnaire were administered. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a three-factor structure of burnout, consisting of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment. Construct equivalence and reliability of the three factors were confirmed. The MBI-HSS showed acceptable validity and reliability for South African nurses. Burnout is associated with specific factors, including language, age, rank, job satisfaction, reciprocity, full-time employment and specialized training. Organizations employing nurses should intervene to prevent and/or manage burnout.
Journal article
AIDS in South Africa: Therapeutic interventions to strengthen resilience among orphans and vulnerable children.
Heath, M. A., Donald, D. R., Theron, L. C., & Lyon, R. C.
School Psychology International Vol 35, Issue 3, Pages 309-337
Abstract
Worldwide, approximately 10% of the 34.2 million individuals infected by human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) are under the age of 18. Additionally, 17.8 million children have experienced one or both parents dying of HIV/AIDS. In comparison to other countries, South Africa has the highest per capita of recorded HIV/AIDS cases. These deaths have altered the social landscape by compromising the security and stability of communities and families. In order to address these challenges, research-based and practitioner-recommended interventions are offered to strengthen South African children’s resilience and to facilitate their emotional well-being. In particular, orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) affected by HIV/AIDS must be supported in continuing their education and staying connected with immediate family, extended family, peers, and teachers. Acknowledging the shortage of mental health professionals, school psychologists are encouraged to prepare teachers and caregivers to share responsibility in implementing interventions to support OVC.
Journal article
When schooling experiences are respectful of children’s rights: A pathway to resilience.
Theron, L. C., Liebenberg, L., & Malindi, M. J.
School Psychology International Vol 35, Issue 3, Pages 253-265
Abstract
This article reports findings from the Pathways to Resilience study, South Africa. Rooted in a social ecological understanding of resilience, this mixed-methods study investigated resilience processes of black South African youths from poverty-stricken, rural contexts. School-attending youths (n = 951) completed the Pathways to Resilience Youth Measure (PRYM), which included one resilience measure and two school experience measures. Independent sample t-tests showed that youth reporting agency-supportive school environments (n = 137) had significantly higher resilience scores than youth with opposite experiences (n = 330; t(465) =_15.379, p = 0.000). Likewise, youths reporting school staff respect (n = 171) recorded significantly higher resilience scores than youth who experienced disrespect (n = 277; t(446) =_14.518, p =0.000). Subsequently, 130 resilient youths participated in focus groups and/or visual participatory activities to further explore their pathways to resilience. An inductive content analysis of these data illustrated that teacher-facilitated youth agency, aspirations for higher education and employment, and coping with neglect and cruelty, supported resilience processes. Overall, findings suggest that when schooling experiences are supportive of child rights, resilience processes are promoted. This conclusion urges school psychologists and school communities toward transactional practices that support positive youth development in child rights-centred ways.
Journal article
Policy and practitioner responses to the challenges of population ageing: Introduction. In: Harper, S. & Hamblin, K. (Eds.).
Hoffman, J.
International handbook of ageing and public policy. Vol Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Abstract
Journal article
Flourishing of information technology professionals: Effects on individual and organisational outcomes.
Diedericks, E., & Rothmann, S.
South African Journal of Business Management Vol 45, Issue 1, Pages 27-41
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between flourishing and individual and organisational outcomes, including job satisfaction, organisational commitment, organisational citizenship behaviour, turnover intention and counter¬productive behaviour. A convenience sample (N = 205) was taken of employees in information technology organisations in South Africa. A biographical questionnaire, the Mental Health Continuum Short Form, Job Satisfaction Scale, Organisational Commitment Scale, Turnover Intention Scale, Organisational Citizenship Behaviour Scale and a Counterproductive Behaviour Scale were administered. Flourishing affected job satisfaction, organisational commitment, organisational citizenship behaviour and organisational commitment directly and indirectly. Job satisfaction had strong direct effects on organisational commitment (positive) and turnover intention (negative), and a moderate negative effect on counterproductive work behaviour. Flourishing affected turnover intention indirectly and negatively via organisational commitment.
Journal article
The effect of cooperative learning on the thinking skills development of Foundation Phase learners.
Booysen, R. & Grosser, M.
Education as Change Vol 18, Issue 1, Pages 47-72
Abstract
We report on the findings obtained from a mixed-method study conducted in South Africa with a conveniently and purposively selected sample of 60 Grade 3 learners and their two teachers. The aim was to establish the thinking skills development of the learners and to determine the merits of a curriculum-based cooperative teaching and learning intervention programme for enhancing and/or improving the thinking skills of the learners. Quantitative data were collected by means of pre- and post-testing, as well as by means of structured observations during the fifteen-week implementation period of the intervention. Qualitative data were collected by means of semi-structured interviews with the teachers and focus group interviews with the learners. The research findings have significant implications for enhancing teaching practice in the Foundation Phase to improve thinking skills by means of a cooperative teaching and learning approach.
Journal article
The relationship between services and resilience: a study of Sesotho-speaking youths.
Van Rensburg, A.C., Theron, L.C., Rothmann, S. & Kitching, A.E.
The Social Work Practitioner-Researcher Vol 25, Issue 3, Pages 286-308
Abstract
Serious concerns are being raised about the well-being of South Africa’s young people. This article uses the Pathways to Resilience Youth Measure to examine the relationship between services and resilience through a quantitative cross-sectional study of 1,209 Sesotho-speaking adolescents. The results indicate that no positive correlations exist between resilience and service use, but there are significant negative correlations between resilience and participants who had been in foster homes, questioned by the police, in jail, on probation, or had made use of substance abuse or addiction services. Strong correlations exist between service use satisfaction and resilience. We conclude that young people’s satisfaction with the services used and not the mere fact of service use might support resilience. This has implications for social workers, including the need to nurture youth agency and healthy practitioner–youth bonds, and to shape communities towards providing constructive contexts where mandatory services are less necessary.
Journal article
Contractual relations between employers and employees and individual and organisational outcomes.
Le Roux, C., & Rothmann, S.
South African Journal of Higher Education Vol 27, Issue 4, Pages 900-919
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between experiences of contractual relations and job satisfaction, flourishing and turnover intention of employees in a higher education institution. A cross-sectional survey design was used with 300 employees in a higher education institution. The State of the Employment and Psychological Contract Scales, Violation of Psychological Contract Scale, Job Satisfaction Scale, Mental Health Continuum - Short Form and Intention to Quit Scale were administered. The results showed that psychological contract violation, job dissatisfaction and low flourishing (emotional, psychological and social well-being) directly impacted turnover intention. Lack of psychological contract fulfilment indirectly and negatively impacted job satisfaction and flourishing via psychological contract violation. Psychological contract violation indirectly impacted turnover intention via job dissatisfaction and low flourishing of employees in a higher education institution. The results confirmed the importance of psychological contract fulfilment and non-violation for the job satisfaction, flourishing and retention of staff in higher education institutions.
Journal article
From South-West Africa to Namibia: Subjective Well-Being Twenty-One Years After Independence
Perstling, M., & Rothmann, S.
In H. Águeda Marujo & L.M. Neto (Eds.), Positive nations and communities. Vol (pp. 231-262). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
Abstract
Journal article
Employee engagement in a cultural context.
Rothmann, S.
In C. Truss, R. Delbridge, E. Soane, K. Alfes, & A. Shantz (Eds.), Employee engagement in theory and practice. Issue Abingdon, United Kingdom: Routledge.
Abstract
Journal article
Flourishing in work and careers.
Rothmann, S.
In M. Coetzee (Ed.), Psycho-social career meta-capacities.
Abstract
Mental health is an important career resource that will help individuals to be function optimally, be self-sufficient, adapt to change, manage their careers well. The aim of this chapter was to investigate the relationships between work- and career-related experiences (including work role fit, job characteristics, overload, supervisor relations, co-worker relations, advancement and remuneration) and the flourishing of managers in South Africa. A cross-sectional survey design was used with managers in the agricultural sector in South Africa (N = 507). The Antecedents Scale and the Mental Health Continuum Short Form were administered. The results showed that work role fit, job characteristics, co-worker relations and remuneration affected flourishing positively. Overload, advancement and supervisor relations did not predict the flourishing of managers in this study. Interventions to promote career development should focus on promoting the flourishing of people and developing positive institutions.
Journal article
Ethics and intergenerational programming: A critical reflection on historic environment education in South Africa.
Roos, V., Hoffman, J. & Van der Westhuizen, V.
Acta Academica Vol 11, Issue 4, Pages 449-58
Abstract
Journal article
South African teachers' views of collaboration within an inclusive education system.
Nel, M., Engelbrecht, P., Nel, N. & Tlale, D.
International Journal of Inclusive Education
Abstract
The development of sustainable collaborative partnerships between different role players within an inclusive education system seems to be a continuous challenge in South Africa. The focus of this research study was to understand how teachers view collaboration within an inclusive education system. Open-ended questionnaires were completed by 85 participating teachers and focus group interviews were employed with 24 educators. The ?ndings indicate that educators still believe that they are not adequately trained and skilled to play an equal role in a collaborative partnership and prefer to rather refer learners experiencing barriers to learning to other support structures and professionals for support.
Journal article
Community-researcher liaisons: The Pathways to Resilience Project Advisory Panel
Theron, L.
South African Journal of Education Vol 33, Issue 4
Abstract
The Pathways to Resilience Project is an ongoing, community-based participatory research (CBPR) project. Its express focus is the exploration of how at-risk youths use formal services and/or informal, naturally occurring resources to beat the odds that have been stacked against them, with the intent of partnering with communities to promote youth resilience. As part of this exploration, project researchers partnered with representatives of participating communities, or advisory panels (AP). However, in literature documenting the worth of participatory methodologies in knowledge generation and social change, there is little mention of how partnerships with AP support communities build on existing knowledge to effect meaningful change. Therefore, the aim of this article is to report the instrumental case study of the AP to the South African Pathways to Resilience Project, between 2008 and the present, in order to foreground the research-informing, knowledge-generating, and practice-shaping value of collaboration with an AP. Simultaneously, this case showcases the complexity of AP-researcher partnerships in order to sensitise CBPR researchers to the need for reflexive, flexible cooperations if communities are to cogenerate and implement local knowledge in enabling ways.
Journal article
The experience of organisational commitment, work engagement and meaning of work of nursing staff in hospitals.
Beukes, I., & Botha, E.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 39, Issue 2, 10 pages, doi: 10.4102/sajip.v39i2.1144
Abstract
Nursing is a noble profession but not always an easy job. Work overload, few resources, limited promotion and development opportunities have a negative impact on the sustainability of the profession. The primary objective of this research was to investigate the relationship between organisational commitment, work engagement and meaning of work amongst nursing
staff at various hospitals. It is important to understand how to optimise the work experience of nursing staff in order to ensure a committed and engaged workforce. A survey design with a cluster sample (n = 199) was used. The Organisational Commitment Questionnaire, Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, Work-Life Questionnaire and a biographical questionnaire were administered. The majority of the scales showed acceptable reliability. Results indicated that the majority of nursing staff view their work as either a job or a calling. This impacts the organisation in the sense that viewing work as a calling predicts 19% of the variance in organisational commitment and 30% of the variance in work engagement. Viewing work as a calling will accompany higher levels of engagement and commitment to the organisation. Nurses who feel that they make a meaningful contribution to the hospital are more inclined to stay in the organisation. Strategies can be put in place to focus on experiencing work as a calling, rather than a job. Enhancing this experience and creating awareness could lead to higher
levels of organisational commitment and work engagement.
Journal article
Facing off with Scylla and Charybdis? A comparison of scalar, partial and the novel possibility of approximate measurement invariance.
Van de Schoot, R., Tummers, L., Lugtig, P., Kluytmans, A., Hox, J. & Muthén, B.
Frontiers in Psychology Vol 4, Pages 1-15
Abstract
Measurement invariance (MI) is a pre-requisite for comparing latent variable scores across groups. The current paper introduces the concept of approximate MI building on the work of Muthén and Asparouhov and their application of Bayesian Structural Equation Modeling (BSEM) in the software Mplus. They showed that with BSEM exact zeros constraints can be replaced with approximate zeros to allow for minimal steps away from strict MI, still yielding a well-?tting model. This new opportunity enables researchers to make explicit trade-offs between the degree of MI on the one hand, and the degree of model ?t on the other. Throughout the paper we discuss the topic of approximate MI, followed by an empirical illustration where the test for MI fails, but where allowing for approximate MI results in a well-?tting model. Using simulated data, we investigate in which situations approximate MI can be applied and when it leads to unbiased results. Both our empirical illustration and the simulation study show approximate MI outperforms full or partial MI. In etecting/recovering the true latent mean difference when there are (many) small differences in the intercepts and factor loadings across groups. In the discussion we provide a step-by-step guide in which situation what type of MI is preferred. Our paper provides a ?rst step in the new research area of (partial) approximate MI and shows that it can be a good alternative when strict MI leads to a badly ?tting model and when partial MI cannot be applied.
Journal article
Black students’recollections of pathways to resilience: Lessons for school psychologists.
Theron, L. C.
School Psychology International Vol 34, Issue 5, Pages 527-539
Abstract
Drawing on narrative data from a multiple case study, I recount the life stories of two resilient Black South African university students to theorize about the processes that encouraged these students, familiar with penury and parental illiteracy, to resile. I aimed to uncover lessons for school psychologists about resilience, and their role in its promotion, from these students’ recollections. To this end, I first synthesize what the resilience literature reports as generic processes of resilience. Thereafter, I illustrate how these processes were common to the students’ stories of resilience, drawing attention to how Africentricism shaped these processes. The understanding of resilience that flows from this case study illustrates the more recent contentions that resilience theory needs to account for the influence of culture on positive adjustment and translate this into culturally sensitive interventions towards resilience. The broad implications for school psychologists include recognition that resilience processes are nuanced by the socio-cultural ecology in which youths are situated and awareness that resilience processes require multiple ecosystemic partners. For school psychologists working with students of African descent, the importance of understanding how resilience processes are informed by an Africentric world view is foregrounded, along with attentiveness to the caveats implicit in this lesson.
Journal article
Manager relations, psychological need satisfaction and intention to leave in the agricultural sector.
Rothmann, S., Diedericks, E., & Swart, J.P.
South African Journal of Industrial Psychology Vol 39, Issue 2, Pages 11 pages. doi: 10.4102/sajip.v39i2.1129
Abstract
Orientation: If South African organisations are to retain talented and skilled staff, they consider the psychological needs of employees and their predictors.
Research purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between manager
relations, the satisfaction of the psychological needs of employees and their intentions
Motivation for the study: The effective retention of skilled employees is necessary organisations in South Africa. However, studies on the psychological processes (and the satisfaction of psychological needs), through which manager relations could promote retention of staff, are necessary.
Research design, approach and method: The authors used a cross-sectional survey They drew convenience samples of managers in agricultural organisations (NSouth Africa. They administered the Manager Relations Scale, the Work-related Satisfaction Scale and the Turnover Intention Scale.
Main findings: The results confirmed a model in which manager relations affected satisfaction of psychological needs and intentions to leave. Autonomy satisfaction the relationship between manager relations and the intentions of employees to leave.
Practical/managerial implications: Managers should participate in training on applying determination theory to support the autonomy and the relatedness satisfaction of employees.
Contribution/value add: This study contributes to the literature by exploring the through which manager relations influence the intentions of employees to leave.
Journal article
Flourishing of information technology professionals: The role of work engagement and job satisfaction.
Diedericks, E., & Rothmann, S.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 23, Issue 2, Pages 225-234
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between work role fit, the availability of personal resources, supervisor relations, work engagement, job satisfaction and employee flourishing. A convenience sample (N = 205) was taken of employees in information technology organizations. The results showed that employees who lack resources, do not fit in their work roles, and do not have good relations with their supervisors were less engaged and satisfied at work, and showed lower mental health (flourishing). Work engagement mediated the relationship between work role fit and the availability of personal resources and flourishing.
Journal article
A qualitative understanding of the coping behaviour, posttraumatic growth and psychological well-being in women who experienced childhood sexual abuse.
Walker-Williams, H., Van Eeden, C., & Van der Merwe, K.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 23, Issue 2, Pages 259-268
Abstract
This study investigated the coping behaviours and posttraumatic growth of women with sexual abuse in childhood (CSA) and long-term effects on their psychological well-being in adulthood. Participants were 10 women survivors of CSA (ages ranging from 23 – 48 years). Data on how women resiled, coped and thrived were collected using individual interviews. Interpretative phenomenological analysis were used for data analysis. The data were thematically analyzed. Themes to emerge from the analysis included the importance of positive coping behaviour, evolving alternative life narratives and the development and utilization of inner strengths
Journal article
The relationship between the critical thinking skills and the academic language proficiency of prospective teachers.
Grosser, M. & Nel, M.
South African Journal of Education Vol 33, Issue 2, Pages 1-17
Abstract
Journal article
Measurement Invariance of the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) across three cultural groups.
Joshanloo, M., Wissing, M. P., Khumalo, I. P., & Lamers, S. M. A.
Personality and Individual Differences
Abstract
This study investigated the factorial structure and invariance of the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) across cultural groups from three nations, namely, the Netherlands, South Africa, and Iran (N = 1120). The three-dimensional structure of mental well-being was supported in all the groups. The results of measurement invariance testing con?rmed the full metric and partial scalar invariance of the MHC-SF. The study also compared the latent means for the aspects of mental well-being in the three cultural groups, and found signi?cant differences. The signi?cance and implications of the results are discussed.
Journal article
The use of traits and contextual information in free personality descriptions of ethno-cultural groups in South Africa.
Valchev, V. H., Van de Vijver, F. J. R., Nel, J. A, Rothmann, S., & Meiring, D.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol 104, Issue 6, Pages 1077-1091
Abstract
The present study investigates the differences between 3 ethnocultural groups in South Africa in the use of traits and contextual information for personality descriptions and the interaction of these differences with social distance from the target person and with personality domains. Semistructured interviews asking for self- and other-descriptions were conducted with 1,027 Blacks, 84 Coloureds and Indians, and 105 Whites, representing the country’s 11 official languages. In Part 1 we found similarities in the total set of categories used most often for personality description across the 3 groups—traits, behaviors, preferences, and perceptions (over 86%), which were context-free (over 66%)—as well as substantial differences between the groups in the relative use of these categories. In Part 2 we found that distance from the target person plays a role in cross-cultural differences in trait use and contextualization. In Part 3 we found significant interactions of culture with the use of traits and contextual information across agency– communion and 9 indigenous South African personality clusters similar to the Big Five. The responses of Blacks confirmed expectations for collectivistic groups (fewer traits and more contextualization) and of Whites for individualistic groups (more traits and less contextualization), and Coloureds and Indians had an intermediate pattern. The results are discussed in the framework of the trait and cultural psychology perspectives on personality.
Journal article
Learners’ religious-cultural rights: A delicate balancing act.
De Waal, E., & Cambron-McCabe, N.
De Jure Vol 46, Issue 1, Pages 93-113
Abstract
Journal article
The effectiveness of legal remedies in education: A school governing body perspective.
Serfontein, E., & De Waal, E.
De Jure Vol 46, Issue 1, Pages 45-62
Abstract
Journal article
Does financial hardship explain differences between Belgian and South African unemployed regarding experiences of unemployment, employment commitment and job search behavior?
Vleugels, W., Rothmann, S., Griep, Y., & De Witte, H.
Psychologica Belgica Vol 53, Issue 2, Pages 75-95
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether Belgian and South African unemployed differed regarding three psychological dimensions of unemployment: affect (experiences of unemployment), attitudes (employment commitment), and behaviour (job search intensity). Moreover, we expected country of residence to indirectly influence unemployed people’s experiences, employment commitment, and job search intensity via financial hardship. A cross-sectional survey design was used to test our hypotheses. Data were sampled from unemployed people in the Brussels area in Belgium (N = 305), and the Potchefstroom area in South Africa (N = 381). The results indicated that, compared to the Belgian unemployed, the South African unemployed experienced their unemployment as more negative, were more committed towards employment and more intensively searched for work. Moreover, country of residence indirectly influenced unemployed people’s experiences, employment commitment, and job search intensity via financial hardship. Some policy recommendations are suggested.
Journal article
Teacher pathways to resilience: Interpretations of teacher adjustment to HIV and AIDS-related challenges.
Theron, L.C.
In M.P. Wissing (Ed.), Well-being research in South Africa: Cross-cultural advances in positive psychology - Volume 4 Pages (pp. 73-96). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
Abstract
Resilience (or the capacity to adjust well to significant risk) is conceptualized as a dynamic, reciprocal transaction that occurs between people and their social ecologies. An outcome of resilience relies on a person, who has been placed at risk for maladaptive outcomes, navigating towards, and/or petitioning for wellness-promoting resources and co-incidental, wellness-affirming systemic responses. The understanding of teacher resilience offered in this chapter is couched in this ecosystemic conceptualization of resilience. From this perspective, one type of wellness-affirming systemic response can be found in resilience-promoting interventions with people at risk. The Resilient Educators (REds) program is one such intervention that was evaluated as efficacious in encouraging teacher resilience to the challenges of the HIV&AIDS pandemic. However, there is a paucity of deep understanding of the nature of teacher resilience, particularly when teachers are HIV&AIDS-challenged. This is the gap which the following chapter aims to fill. Drawing on three case studies from the REds intervention project, this chapter uses visual and narrative data to explore the multidimensional and co-constructed complexity of teacher resilience to the challenges of the HIV&AIDS pandemic. Finally, the emerging understanding of resilience as a teacher - system construct invites critical examination of current discourses of teacher vulnerability
and resilience.
Journal article
The stories of resilience in a group of professional nurses in South Africa.
Koen, M.P., Van Eeden, E., Wissing, M.P., & Koen, V.
In M. Coetzee, I.L. Potgieter, & N. Ferreira (Eds.), Psychology of retention: Theory, research and practice Pages (pp 389-414 ). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
Abstract
Journal article
From happiness to flourishing at work: A southern African perspective.
Rothmann, S.
In M.P. Wissing (Ed.), Well-being research in South Africa: Cross-cultural advances in positive psychology - Volume 4 Pages (pp. 123-152). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
Abstract
Organizations around the world recognize the importance of measuring subjective well-being and promoting it as part of a strategic approach to human resource management. The focus is increasingly shifting to multidimensional indicators of employee happiness in the work context. The concept flourishing incorporates two dimensions of happiness; namely, feeling good and functioning well. This study aims to identify dimensions of employee flourishing, and to investigate the antecedents and outcomes thereof in the southern African work and organizational context. The findings of various studies were reviewed, and data gathered from a sample of managers in South Africa (N = 505) was used to explore the dimensions, antecedents, and outcomes of flourishing. The results showed that flourishing individuals feel good (i.e., are satisfied with their jobs and experience positive emotions at work), function psychologically well (i.e., are energetic, dedicated, self-determined, find meaning and purpose at work, and experience harmony), and function socially well (in terms of social acceptance, social growth, social contribution, social coherence, and social integration). It was found that flourishing in work and organizational contexts, and flourishing in everyday life, shared 54% of the variance. However, flourishing in work and organizational contexts was better predicted by job contextual factors, and it also predicted organizational outcomes better than did flourishing in general.
Journal article
Further validation of the General Psychological Well-being Scale among a Setswana-speaking group.
Khumalo, I. P., Temane, Q. M., & Wissing, M. P.
In M. Coetzee, I.L. Potgieter, & N. Ferreira (Eds.), Psychology of retention: Theory, research and practice Pages (pp. 199-224). Dortrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
Abstract
The aim of the study was to explore the reliability and validity of the General Psychological Well-being Scale (GPWS) in an African context. The study also explored the contextual manifestation of the construct general psychological well-being (GPW) in a Setswana-speaking adult sample. General psychological well-being is an empirically derived construct that encompasses an integration of multiple facets of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. The GPWS is a 20-item self-report instrument through which GPW is operationalized. Its psychometric properties were explored using Classical Test Theory (CTT), Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), and Item Response Theory (IRT) approaches. A sample of 1,275 participants completed a battery of scales, including the GPWS, in a cross-sectional survey. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, descriptive statistics, factor analyses, a t-test group comparison, analysis of variance (ANOVA), regression analyses, fit indices, item difficulty estimates, and interscale correlations were computed. The findings indicate that the GPWS is a reliable measure, with a multifaceted hierarchically organized factor structure, and that it is differentially influenced by socioenvironmental factors. Recommendations regarding the further refinement of the GPWS as an optimal measure of general psychological well-being are offered.
Journal article
Coping and cultural context: Implications for psychological health and well-being.
Willers, M., Potgieter, J. C., Khumalo, I. P., Malan, L., Mentz, P. J., & Ellis, S.
In M. Coetzee, I.L. Potgieter, & N. Ferreira (Eds.), Psychology of retention: Theory, research and practice Pages (pp. 251-272). Dortrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
Abstract
Journal article
Psychosocial health: Disparities between urban and rural communities.
Wissing, M.P., Temane, Q.M., Khumalo, I.P., Kruger, A., & Vorster, H.H.
In M. Coetzee, I.L. Potgieter, & N. Ferreira (Eds.), Psychology of retention: Theory, research and practice Pages (pp. 415-438). Dortrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
Abstract
Journal article
Measuring happiness: Results of a cross-national study.
Rothmann, S.
In M.P. Wissing (Ed.), Well-being research in South Africa: Cross-cultural advances in positive psychology - Volume 4 Pages (pp. 175-198). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
Abstract
The aims of this chapter are to investigate the structural equivalence, item bias, and reliability of the Orientations to Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) in the southern African context. Convenience samples were taken from employees in Namibia (n = 216) and managers in South Africa (n = 507). A biographical questionnaire, the OHQ, and the SWLS were administered. The results showed that structural equivalence of the three-factor model of orientations to happiness (i.e., pleasure, engagement, and meaning) was not supported. One subscale of the OHQ, engagement, was problematic in terms of validity and internal consistency in the South African and Namibian samples. Evidence was found for item bias in the OHQ. The results showed that one item of the SWLS under-fitted the data in both the southern African samples.
Journal article
Visual perspectives on majority world adolescent thriving
Cameron, C.A., Theron, L.C., Tapanya, S., Li, C., Ungar, M., & Liebenberg, L.
Journal of Research on Adolescence Vol 23, Issue 1, Pages 149-161
Abstract
This paper offers socio-ecological, situated perspectives on adolescent resilience derived from an application of interpretive visual methodologies to deepen understanding of adaptive youth development in diverse majority-world cultural contexts (South Africa, Thailand, China, Mexican migration to Canada). The research is not “cross-cultural”; by contrast, it situates youth engagement contextually, using local perspectives, especially perspectives of adolescents themselves, on “growing up well” under adverse circumstances, to interrogate conceptions of resilience in cultural context. Participants are viewed as members of cultural communities: observations with a small number of individuals are not generalized to national groups. Rather, knowledge gained by these methods is employed to enrich knowledge of the processes of majority-world youth thriving despite such adversities as poverty and social displacement.
Journal article
Psychological meaningfulness and work engagement among educators of Zambia.
Rothmann, S., & Hamukangandu, L.
South African Journal of Education Vol 33, Issue 2, Pages 1-16
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships among a calling orientation, work role fit, psychological meaningfulness and work engagement of teachers in Zambia. A quantitative approach was followed and a cross-sectional survey was used. The sample (n = 150) included 75 basic and 75 secondary school teachers in the Choma district of Zambia. The Work Role Fit Scale, Work-Life Questionnaire, Psychological Meaningfulness Scale, and Work Engagement Scale were administered. Structural equation modelling confirmed a model in which a calling orientation impacted psychological meaningfulness and work engagement significantly. A calling orientation impacted work engagement directly, while such work orientation impacted psychological meaningfulness indirectly via work role fit. The results suggest that it is necessary to address the work orientation and work role fit of teachers in Zambia as pathways to psychological meaningfulness and work engagement.These results have implications for the recruitment, selection, training and development of teachers in Zambia.
Journal article
Similarities and differences in implicit personality concepts across ethno-cultural groups in South Africa.
Valchev, V. H., Van de Vijver, F. J. R., Nel, J. A, Rothmann, S., Meiring, D., & De Bruin, G. P.
Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology Vol 44, Issue 3, Pages 365-388
Abstract
Using a combined emic-etic approach, the present study investigates similarities and differences in the indigenous personality concepts of ethno-cultural groups in South Africa. Semi-structured interviews asking for self- and other-descriptions were conducted with 1,027 Blacks, 58 Indians, and 105 Whites, speakers of the country’s 11 official languages. A model with nine broad personality clusters subsuming the Big Five - Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Facilitating, Integrity, Intellect, Openness, Relationship Harmony, And Soft-Heartedness (Nel et al., in press) - was examined. The nine clusters were found in all groups, yet the groups differed in their use of the model’s components: Blacks referred more to social-relational descriptions, specific trait manifestations, and social norms, whereas Whites referred more to personal-growth descriptions and abstract concepts, and Indians had an intermediate pattern. The results suggest that a broad spectrum of personality concepts should be included in the development of common personality models and measurement tools for diverse cultural groups.
Journal article
How cultural histories shape South African and Finnish teachers’ attitudes towards inclusive education: A comparative analysis.
Engelbrecht, P., Savolainen, H., Nel, M., & Malinen, O.
European Journal of Special Needs Education
Abstract
Complex cultural and historical forces are often neglected when the development of inclusive education in international comparative research projects are discussed. The purpose of this study was to analyse teachers’ attitudes towards inclusive education by examining the ways in which cultural historical factors in South Africa and Finland may impact on teachers’ attitudes. Data collection methods included the analysis of education policy documents and other relevant documents in countries, an open-ended question on teachers’ own de?nition of inclusive education and the results of the initial study on teachers’ attitudes to and concerns about inclusive education. A sample of 310 South African and 833 Finnish primary and secondary education teachers in mainstream and special education settings took part. An analysis of the data within a cultural-historical framework indicated that each country’s historical commitment to inclusive education and its attendant legacies about diversity in education have clearly mediated teachers’ views in both countries. As a result, we have been able to develop a deeper understanding of the complex local conditions, and the similarities and differences across national contexts in which inclusive education is implemented that could bene?t both countries.
Journal article
Employee engagement in Namibia: The role of psychological conditions.
Rothmann, S., & Welsh, C.
Management Dynamics Vol 22, Issue 1, Pages 14-25
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the antecedents of employee engagement in the context of a developing country. A cross-sectional survey design was used with a sample of 309 employees in organisations in Namibia. A biographical questionnaire and questionnaires that measure employee engagement and antecedents of engagement were administered. Work-role fit and job enrichment showed the strongest relationships with employee engagement, while rewards, co-worker relations, resources, supervisor relations and organisational support showed moderate relationships with employee engagement. Work-role fit, job enrichment and the availability of resources affected employee engagement indirectly via experiences of psychological meaningfulness, while the availability of resources and co-worker relations affected employee engagement indirectly through psychological availability. The results confirm the important role of psychological meaningfulness and psychological availability as mediators between work-role fit, job enrichment, resources and co-worker relations on the one hand, and employee engagement on the other.
Journal article
Engaging in work even when it is meaningless: Positive affective disposition and meaningful work interact in relation to work-engagement.
Steger, M. F., Littman-Ovadia, H., Miller, M., Menger, L., & Rothmann, S.
Journal of Career Assessment Vol 21, Issue 2, Pages 348-361
Abstract
The central aim of the present study was to assess the predictive value of affective disposition and meaningful work on employee engagement. Specifically, it was proposed that meaningful work moderates the relationship between affective disposition and engagement. Questionnaires were completed by 252 white-collar employees, working in a variety of organizations and jobs across Israel, recruited from community-based samples on a voluntary basis. As hypothesized, work engagement, affective disposition, and meaningful work were positively correlated. Additionally, a significant interaction between affective disposition and meaningful work was found. The relationship between affective disposition and work engagement was found to differ by the extent to which individuals perceived their work as meaningful. Specifically, when work was not perceived as meaningful, employees characterized by high scores on affective disposition were more strongly engaged compared to employees who were characterized by low scores on affective disposition. However, when work was perceived as meaningful, there was no difference in level of engagement found between those with high or low scores on affective disposition. The implications of these results are discussed.
Journal article
Knowledge and learning: Views of a sample of South African higher education students.
Van der Merwe, K., & Nell, W.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 23, Issue 1, Pages 61-68
Abstract
This study explored views of knowledge and learning held by a sample of 14 Black South African first year university students (age range = 18-24, 50% female). Data was collected by means of semi-structured interviews, group interviews and focus group interviews. The data was subjected to thematic qualitative content analysis. A majority of the participants evidenced a pre-reflective epistemological perspective characterized by the beliefs that knowledge is certain and absolute rather than relative; that the source of knowledge is vested exclusively in authorities external to the self, that learning is quick, and that it mainly involves memorization of facts. However, a few participants espoused more advanced, pre-reflective epistemological beliefs via awareness of bias and the idiosyncratic nature of knowledge. Greater epistemological sophistication was associated with the presence of supportive educational role models such as teachers or parents, and personal characteristics such as determination and inquisitiveness.
Journal article
A model for psychosocial well-being of families in a South African context.
Koen, V., Van Eeden, C., & Rothmann, S.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 23, Issue 1, Pages 155-164
Abstract
This study applied the approach of Dickoff, James, and Wiedenbach (1968) to construct a conceptual framework and a model for the psychosocial well-being of families from diverse cultures in a South African context. Findings from previous qualitative research served as the empirical data base for the conceptual framework and model while relevant literature was used as theoretical evidence in the formulation of the conceptual framework and model. The proposed model indicates the interaction and interrelatedness between the family, family strengths and family functioning. The family makes use of family strengths, as well as family functioning to interact. If the interaction is successful it can influence or generate contributing factors that can enhance the psychosocial well-being of families. The model’s structure and process illustrate the complexity of the process of family psychosocial well-being, the uniqueness of South African families and the potential for growth.
Journal article
Job insecurity, job stress, organisational commitment and coping in private health care institutions.
Van Zyl, L., Van Eeden, C., & Rothmann, S.
South African Journal of Business Management Vol 14, Issue 1, Pages 75-86
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relations among negative emotional reactions (reduced affective organisational commitment and higher job-related stress), and behavioural reactions to job insecurity (coping behaviour). A non-experimental correlation research design was used and the participants were a convenience sample of employees working for a private hospital in Gauteng, South Africa (N = 242). The measuring instruments included the Job Insecurity Inventory, the Organisational Commitment Questionnaire, the Experience of Work and Life Circumstances Questionnaire, and the COPE Questionnaire. The results showed that job insecurity was associated with job-related stress. Affective job insecurity was associated with detachment from the organisation, while cognitive job insecurity was associated with low identification with the organisation. Experiences of affective job insecurity, job-related stress, and low organisational commitment were associated with the use of avoidance coping strategies. Employees who experienced cognitive job insecurity (compared to those who experienced lower cognitive job insecurity) were less inclined to apply active coping strategies, even if their job-related stress was low.
Journal article
Towards an African definition of resilience: A rural South African community's view of resilient Basotho youth.
Theron, L.C., Theron, A.M.C., & Malindi, M.J.
Journal of Black Psychology Vol 39, Issue 1, Pages 63-87
Abstract
Resilience, or adaptive behavior in the face of adversity, has recently come to be understood as a phenomenon that should not be uniformly conceptualized across contexts and cultures. This emerging understanding has urged exploration of what resilience might mean in specific cultural contexts. As in other majority nation contexts, there is scant documentation of what resilience might mean in an African context. In this article, the authors report on an exploratory qualitative study, rooted in a constructivist grounded theory approach, in which 11 South African adults from an impoverished rural area were invited to provide a description of resilient Basotho youth. In contrast to Eurocentric perspectives, their descriptions, verbal, written, and hand-drawn, offer an Africentric understanding of resilience. This emerging African conceptualization of resilience advocates for deeper exploration of collectivist philosophies underpinning Black youth resilience and continued research into the process of African resilience.
Journal article
Educational psychology and resilience in developing contexts: A rejoinder to Toland and Carrigan.
Theron, L. C., & Donald, D. R.
School Psychology International Vol 34, Issue 1, Pages 51-66
Abstract
If educational psychologists wish to make a meaningful difference as practitioners, both to the children they work with and the ecologies these children come from, then, knowledge and application of resilience theory is crucial. Toland and Carrigan (2011) underscore this relationship in their 2011 article in this Journal. In our contribution below, we extend their assertion by urging greater attention to the interactive processes which underpin resilience and, more particularly, to how proximal, face-to-face transactions embedded in mesosystems and microsystems and nuanced by the distal, macrosystemic influences, mould resilience. Using examples from resilience research conducted in South Africa we argue that such a focus (i.e. on the transactional ecosystemic nature of resilience) is crucial in developing contexts. Furthermore, we contend that sensitivity to mechanisms of resilience as well as the contexts and cultures in which these continuously evolve, begs an approach to practice that foregrounds the ecosystemic, promotes child-ecology transactions, and is cautious about generalizing resilience theory to children across diverse contexts, cultures and time periods. To conceptualize resilience as anything but a reciprocal, dynamic, contextually-influenced interaction between children and their ecologies, would be to fail children in developing contexts.
Journal article
Flourishing of students in a tertiary education institution in South Africa.
Van Zyl, L.E., & Rothmann, S.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 22, Issue 4, Pages 593-604
Abstract
The aims of this study were to examine the relationship between flourishing and academic performance (AP), life satisfaction (SWT), and positive affect (PA). A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was used on a convenience sample of university students (n = 845). The Mental Health Continuum Long Form (MHC-LF), Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) and Satisfaction with Life Scales (SWLS) were administered. Academic performance was determined through averaging all the participants’ modules for the first semester. Individuals with moderate levels of flourishing typically performed in the ‘above average’ to ‘excelling academically’ range. Furthermore, a large number of individuals who were underperforming were also languishing. Flourishing students experienced higher levels of positive affect and life satisfaction, as well as lower levels of negative affect than their languishing and moderately flourishing counterparts. The relationship between flourishing and academic performance is complex, it would seem that flourishing/languishing plays a role in academic performance. Finally, flourishing relates to both PA and SWL, which supports the construct validity of flourishing’s conceptualisation.
Journal article
Enhancing emotional and social competence in a group of South-African school beginners: A preliminary study.
Deacon, E., & Van Rensburg, E.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 22, Issue 4, Pages 677-684
Abstract
This study piloted the efficacy of a short-term intervention program for socio-emotional development in pre-schoolers.in a South African setting. Participants were 48 learners, aged between 5 and 6 years (22 boys, 26 girls). A proportion of the participants (n=26) took the socio-emotional competence development intervention. Programme effects were measured using the Social Competence and Behavioural Evaluation, Preschool Edition (SCBE) and the Griffiths Developmental Scales – Extended Revised (GMDS-ER). Between group comparisons showed significant gains in internalization and social competence skills in favour of the intervention group as compared to the control group.
Journal article
The prevalence of coping behaviour, posttraumatic growth and psychological well-being in women who experienced childhood sexual abuse.
Walker-Williams, H.J., Van Eeden, C., & Van der Merwe, E.K.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 22, Issue 4, Pages 617-626
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence of coping behaviour, posttraumatic growth and psychological well-being in adult South African women (n=60, mean age=32, ethnicity=70% European, 28% African and 2% Asian descent). Specifically, the study considered the prevalence of constructive coping, posttraumatic growth and psychological well-being with a history of childhood sexual abuse. All participants self-reported being sexually abused before the age of 18 years. They completed measures of coping, posttraumatic growth, and psychological well-being, in a cross-sectional survey design. Results showed moderate to high correlations among scales indicating conceptual coherence as indicators of constructive coping, posttraumatic growth and psychological wellness. About 58% of participants manifested constructive coping, 60% manifested posttraumatic growth, and 42% manifested psychological well-being. These women survivors of childhood sexual abuse had higher levels of posttraumatic growth than reported in previous studies.
Journal article
Authentic happiness of managers and individual and organisational outcomes
Swart, J., & Rothmann, S.
South African Journal of Psychology Vol 42, Issue 4, Pages 492-508
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate managers’ orientations to happiness, and the relationship thereof to individual and organisational outcomes. A cross-sectional survey design was used with managers in the agricultural sector in South Africa (N = 507). The Orientations to Happiness Questionnaire, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Job Satisfaction Scale, Organisational Citizenship Behaviour Scale and Organisational Commitment Scale were administered. The results showed that orientations to happiness (i.e. pleasure, meaning and engagement) had strong direct effects on subjective well-being, job satisfaction and organisational citizenship behaviour. Orientations to happiness also impacted job satisfaction indirectly through subjective well-being. Subjective well-being had a strong direct and positive effect on job satisfaction. Both orientations to happiness and subjective well-being affected organisational commitment indirectly through their effects on job satisfaction.
Journal article
Cross-national differences in happiness: Cultural measurement bias or effect of culture?
Veenhoven, R.
International Journal of Wellbeing Vol 2, Issue 4, Pages 333-353
Abstract
The number of cross-national research studies on happiness is soaring, but doubts about the comparability of happiness between countries remain. One source of doubt is the possibility of cultural measurement bias. Another source of doubt is in the theory that happiness is culturally relative. These qualms were checked using the available data on differences in average happiness across nations. It appears that happiness can be compared across nations and used as an indicator of how well people thrive in a society.
Journal article
Development and validation of the Calling and Vocation Questionnaire (CVQ) and Brief Calling Scale.
Dik, B.J., Eldridge, B.M., Steger, M.F., & Duffy, R.D.
Journal of Career Assessment Vol 20, Pages 322-337
Abstract
Research on work as a calling is limited by measurement concerns. In response, the authors introduce the multidimensional Calling and Vocation Questionnaire (CVQ) and the Brief Calling scale (BCS), instruments assessing presence of, and search for, a calling. Study 1 describes CVQ development using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in a cross-validated split¬sample approach with 456 undergraduates. The CVQ contained six reliable subscales that form CVQ-Presence and CVQ-Search scores, which demonstrated moderate 1-month test–retest reliability, good fit to a six-factor structure, and initial support for construct validity. Study 2 reports a multitrait–multimethod analysis with 134 undergraduates and 365 informants. Self-reported CVQ and BCS scores moderately to strongly correlated with informant reports and scores for both instruments correlated in hypothesized directions with work hope, prosocial work motivation, life meaning, and the search for meaning. CVQ and BCS scores provide psychometrically sound measures of calling, with the CVQ offering the potential for more fine-grained, multidimensional analyses.
Journal article
Resilience research with South African youth: Caveats and ethical complexities.
Theron, L.
South African Journal of Psychology Vol 42, Issue 3, Pages 333-345
Abstract
Journal article
Beyond smiling: the evaluation of a positive psychological intervention aimed at student happiness.
Van Zyl, L.E., & Rothmann, S.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 22, Issue 3, Pages 369-384
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a positive psychological intervention (PPI) aimed at increasing happiness of students in a tertiary educational institution. A convenience sample (n = 20) was drawn from the entire population of academic third year students in the field of Industrial/Organisational psychology (n = 109). The majority of the participants were Sesotho speaking (45%), black (95%), female (90%), and 21 years of age (45%). A single group pre-, post-, and post-post-test design was used. The PPI stretched across eight months and was presented in two phases: (a)a three day self-development workshop and (b) six sessions of individual coaching. The intervention focused on facilitating development on two levels, namely a psychological (engagement, meaning, person-environment fit, autonomy, competence, relatedness and authenticity), and emotional (pleasure, affect balance and life satisfaction) level. Data were collected using the Satisfaction with Life Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Scale, Orientations to Happiness Questionnaire, Basic Psychological Needs Scale, the Authentic Self Inventory and Person-Environment Fit scale. The results indicated that the overall happiness of a student increased through developing individuals on both an emotional and psychological level. The PPI affected all the aspects conceptualised in this study, except for two components of authenticity. Therefore, a multi-dimensional approach towards PPIs aimed at happiness of students in a tertiary educational environment may contribute to happy students.
Journal article
READ ME TO RESILIENCE! Exploring the use of cultural stories to boost the positive adjustment of children orphaned by AIDS.
Wood, L., Theron, L.C., & Mayaba, N.
African Journal of AIDS Research Vol 11, Issue 3, Pages 225-239
Abstract
The study explored whether and how culturally sensitive stories can encourage resilience in young children orphaned by AIDS. The purpose of the investigation was allied to the paradigm of positive psychology, which focuses on the promotion of potential strengths to buffer children against adversity, as well as on social ecological understandings of resilience, which emphasise that social ecologies have a duty to facilitate children’s positive adjustment to adversity. A pre-post-intervention evaluation was used to gather qualitative data on orphaned children’s resilience to AIDS-related adversity by employing participatory visual methods. The intervention, called Read-me-to-Resilience (Rm2R), consisted of telling 22 culturally sensitive stories to the children. We compared the pre- and post-intervention data for each participant before thematically analysing the total findings. Our analysis indicates that the children’s resilience had been bolstered in the period between the pre-test and post-test. We conclude that culturally relevant stories could be used by South African caregivers, service providers, and educators as an accessible, inexpensive and ready-made tool to directly empower children who have been orphaned by AIDS.
Journal article
A model for psychosocial well-being of families in a South African context.
Koen, V., Van Eeden, C., & Rothmann, S.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 22, Issue 3, Pages 343-358
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore and describe aspects that contribute to the psychosocial well-being of families from diverse cultures in a South African context by analysing data obtained through narratives, drawings and interviews with families. Participant families took part voluntarily in family interviews (N=36), written narratives (N=23) and drawings (N=14). These different methods of data collection provided rich data on family psychosocial well-being in a South African context with culturally diverse families, as well as on those aspects that influence family psychosocial well-being. The findings suggest that communication, mutual support, togetherness as a family and spirituality are the most prominent contributing factors, while financial difficulties and interpersonal conflicts or arguments are the most prominent hindering factors with regard to family psychosocial well-being in this group of participants.
Journal article
Psychological dimensions of unemployment: A gender comparison between Belgian and South African unemployed.
Griep, Y., Rothmann, S., Vleugels, W., & De Witte, H.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 22, Issue 3, Pages 303-314
Abstract
This study sought to compare South African and Belgian unemployed in their subjective experience of unemployment, committed towards employment and job search behaviour. We also considered gender differences regarding the psychological dimensions of unemployment between Belgium and South Africa. A cross-sectional survey design was used. Unemployed people were sampled from the Potchefstroom area in South Africa (N = 381) and the Brussels area in Belgium (N = 305). The Experiences of Unemployment Questionnaire was administered. While no significant gender differences were found in South Africa, significant differences were found for all three psychological dimensions of unemployment in the Belgian sample. South African intervention programmes should be developed in order to cope with long-lasting unemployment, social isolation and further financial deprivation.
Journal article
The psychological consequences of unemployment in South Africa.
De Witte, H., Rothmann, S., & Jackson, L.T.B.
South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences Vol 15, Issue 3, Pages 235-252
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the affective experiences, attitudes to work, and job application behaviour of unemployed people. A survey design was used and samples (N = 381) were drawn from unemployed people in the North West Province. The Experiences of Unemployment Questionnaire was administered. Regarding affective experiences, being unemployed was described as very unpleasant and it was associated with boredom, loneliness, uncertainty about the future, concerns about financial matters, emptiness and conflict. When it came to the participants’ attitudes to work, the results showed that almost 96 per cent of them regarded work as important, particularly because it provides meaning. Regarding job application behaviour, the results showed that most of the participants would like to find a job within the month, and they expected to do so. Almost 78 per cent of the participants were asking people for a job at least once a week or more often. Most of them asked friends and acquaintances for employment information, but unemployed people also reported that they looked out for advertisements. People with poor education had the most negative experiences of unemployment and saw work as more important than did those with better education.
Journal article
Collaborative partnerships to increase resilience among AIDS orphans" some unforeseen challenges and caveats.
Wood, L., Theron, L.C., & Mayaba, N.
Africa Education Review Vol 9, Issue 1, Pages 124-141
Abstract
Journal article
Exploring the personality structure in the 11 languages of South Africa.
Nel, A., Valchev, V.H., Rothmann, S., Van de Vijver, F.J.R., Meiring, D., & De Bruin, G.P.
Journal of Personality Vol 80, Issue 4, Pages 915-948
Abstract
The present study, part of the development of the South African Personality Inventory (SAPI), explores the implicit personality structure in the 11 of?cial language groups of South Africa by employing a mixed-method approach. In the ?rst, qualitative part of the study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 1,216 participants from the 11 of?cial language groups. The derived personality-descriptive terms were categorized and clustered based on their semantic relations in iterative steps involving group discussions and contacts with language and cultural experts. This analysis identi?ed 37 subclusters, which could be merged in 9 broad clusters: Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Facilitating, Integrity, Intellect, Openness, Relationship Harmony, and Soft-Heartedness. In the second, quantitative part, the perceived relations between the 37 subclusters were rated by 204 students from different language groups in South Africa and 95 students in the Netherlands. The outcomes generally supported the adequacy of the conceptual model, although several clusters in the domain of relational and social functioning did not replicate in detail. The outcomes of these studies revealed a personality structure with a strong emphasis on social-relational aspects of personality.
Journal article
Supporting Lesotho teachers to develop resilience in the face of the HIV and AIDS pandemic.
Wood, L., Ntoate, G., & Theron, L.C.
Teaching and Teacher Education Vol 28, Pages 428-439
Abstract
HIV and AIDS threaten to erode the wellbeing of teachers who are faced with an increasing number of children rendered vulnerable by the pandemic. This article explores the usefulness of a supportive group intervention, Resilient Educators (REds), in supporting Lesotho teachers to respond to the HIV and AIDS related challenges. A time-series pre- and post-intervention design was used to evaluate the programme. The ?ndings indicate that the intervention led to an increase in the sense of agency of participating teachers both on a personal and community level. The ?ndings have international signi?cance for teachers working in similar contexts characterised by extreme adversity.
Journal article
The Satisfaction with Life Scale: Measurement invariance across immigrant groups.
Ponizovsky, Y., Dimitrova, R., Schachner, M. K., & van de Schoot, R.
European Journal of Developmental Psychology Pages 1-7
Abstract
The current study examined measurement invariance of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Gri?n, 1985) across three immigrant groups, namely, immigrants from the Former Soviet Union (FSU) in Israel, Turkish-Bulgarians, and Turkish-Germans. The results demonstrate measurement invariance of the SWLS across groups. The ?ndings that Turkish-Bulgarian and FSU immigrants in Israel scored signi?cantly lower on the SWLS compared to Turkish-Germans can be explained by assimilative policies in Israel and Bulgaria. In conclusion, our results suggest the SWLS is feasible for cross-cultural comparisons of immigrants of various age groups. Future investigation of measurement invariance over time is needed to use the SWLS in a developmental perspective.
Journal article
Prevention of child sexual abuse: The need for an ecological risk-factor approach.
Fouche, A.
Child Abuse Research: A South African Journal Vol 13, Issue 2, Pages 75-86
Abstract
Journal article
Resilience in the face of Fragile X Syndrome: A single female case study.
Fourie, C.L., & Theron, L.C.
Qualitative Health Research Vol 22, Pages 1355-1368
Abstract
In this article, we communicate transformative findings from a case study on the resilience of a young woman with fragile X syndrome (FXS), a genetic condition involving mental impairment and physical, emotional, and behavioral challenges. We explored the resilience of “Lucy,� a spirited 16-year-old North American, using informal interviews with her, formal interviews with significant adults in her life, and observations (visual and anecdotal) over 20 months. In reporting the information-rich case of Lucy, well supported by her ecology to rise above full-mutation FXS, we encourage a positive perspective of living with FXS. Although we recognize the limitations of a single case study, our findings offer tentative, process-oriented insights into resilience in contexts of genetic disability, previously unreported
in conjunction with FXS. We concluded that the processes informing Lucy’s resilience were partly her responsibility and partly her social ecology’s, and comprised intrapersonal agency, unconditional positive acceptance and belonging, and support toward mastery.
Journal article
Meaning-in-life orientations and values in Youth: Cross-cultural comparison.
Gorlova N., Romanyuk, L., Vanbrabant, L., & van de Schoot R.
European Journal of Developmental Psychology Vol 9, Issue 6, Pages 744-750
Abstract
Search for purposes in life and the meaning of life is one of the developmental tasks in youth. The Meaning-in-Life Orientations test (MOL) is often used to assess purposes in life and meaningfulness of life and is often used to compare individuals and groups. It is yet unclear whether this test shows measurement invariance across di?erent countries or not, which was the main object of the current study. First, con?rmatory factor analyses were conducted separately for data sets with Russian and Ukrainian students. Second, metric and scalar invariance were tested. Finally, comparisons between Russian and Ukrainian students were made on their scores on the MOL.
Journal article
Job insecurity: Review of the literature and summary of recent studies from Belgium.
De Witte, H., De Cuyper, N., Vander Elst, T., Vanbelle, E., & Niesen, W.
Romanian Journal of Applied Psychology Vol 14, Issue 1, Pages 11-17
Abstract
This contribution offers a short overview of research on job insecurity, with an emphasis on recent findings from the research tradition on job insecurity of the Work, Organisational & Personnel Psychology (WOPP), a research group from Leuven, Belgium. Topics covered include the definition of job insecurity, prevalence and risk groups, consequences of job insecurity for health and well-being, for organisations, trade unions and political topics, new operationalisations of job insecurity and their correlates, moderators of the job insecurity -outcomes relationship, and explanations for the harmful impact of job insecurity.
Journal article
The role of school engagement in strengthening resilience among male street children.
Malindi, M. J., & Machenjedze, N.
South African Journal of Psychology Vol 42, Issue 1, Pages 71-81
Abstract
Journal article
Secondary traumatic stress, psychological well-being, and life satisfaction of social workers in Namibia.
Perstling, M., & Rothmann, S.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 22, Issue 1, Pages 1-9
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships among secondary traumatic stress, psychological well-being (purpose in life, environmental mastery, and self-acceptance) and life satisfaction of social workers of Namibia. A cross-sectional survey design was used with a sample population of 116 social workers. The Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale, three subscales of the Psychological Well-being Scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale and a biographical questionnaire were administered. The results showed that secondary traumatic stress (including arousal, avoidance and intrusion) was negatively related to purpose in life, environmental mastery, self-acceptance, and life satisfaction of social workers. Satisfaction with life was best predicted by environmental mastery and low arousal. Avoidance impacted life satisfaction indirectly and negatively via low environmental mastery.
Journal article
Socio-demographic variables, general psychological well-being and the Mental Health Continuum in an African context
Khumalo, I.P., Temane, Q.M., & Wissing, M.P.
Social Indicators Research Vol 105, Pages 419-442
Abstract
Age, gender, marital status, education attainment, employment status, and environmental setting explain different amounts of variance in psychological well-being and mental health. Inconsistent findings are reported for the socio-demographic variables in psychological well-being depending amongst others on the definition and measurement of well-being, context and the nature of the population. The present study explored the association of socio-demographic variables in an African context using two models that conceptualise and measure well-being as a holistic integrated and complex construct, namely the General Psychological Well-being model (GPW) and the Mental Health Continuum model (MHC). The study was conducted among an African sample in the North West Province of South Africa. A sample of 459 male and female Setswana speaking adults from rural and urban areas completed measures of general psychological well-being and the mental health continuum. Descriptive statistics, correlations, cross-tabulations and regression analyses were computed. Findings indicate that socio-demographic variables play a role in determining holistic psychological well-being in a South African Setswana-speaking community. Urban living, employment, education and being married were associated with higher psychological well-being. Rural or urban environmental setting, followed by employment status, accounted for the greatest variance in psychological well-being measures. Age and gender were not significantly associated with well-being. The findings suggest that the current state of African rural living is detrimental to well-being. Through employment being an index of socio-economic status, the unemployed experience poor well-being. Future research efforts to explore the mechanisms of these relationships, and context-relevant intervention programmes are recommended.
Journal article
Religion and spirituality in contemporary dreams.
Nell, W.
HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies Vol 68, Issue 1, Pages 1-9
Abstract
This article examines the spiritual value and role of dreams in the lives of South African Christians, based on the findings of a qualitative research project in which semistructured interviews were used to examine the dream-related beliefs and practices of contemporary Christians. The findings indicated that dreams are still considered to be of distinct religious
value and importance by a significant number of the Christian participants who took part in the study. Specifically, the participants reported that their dreams often serve as source of spiritual inspiration, insight and guidance, as well as feedback on decisions and ways of living. It was also indicated that dreams sometimes constituted an important natural resource
in coming to terms with bereavement. In response to this, the article closes with a call for a re-evaluation of the position and value of dreams in contemporary Christianity, and offers several practical suggestions for working with dreams in a spiritual context.
Journal article
Measuring meaningful work: The Work and Meaning Inventory (WAMI)
Steger, M.F., Dik, B.J., & Duffy, R.D.
Journal of Career Assessment Vol 20, Pages 322-337
Abstract
Many people desire work that is meaningful. However, research in this area has attracted diverse ideas about meaningful work (MW), accompanied by an equally disparate collection of ways of assessing MW. To further advance study in this area, the authors propose a multidimensional model of work as a subjectively meaningful experience consisting of experiencing positive meaning in work, sensing that work is a key avenue for making meaning, and perceiving one’s work to benefit some greater good. The development of a scale to measure these dimensions is described, an initial appraisal of the reliability and construct validity of the instrument’s scores is reported using a sample of university employees (N ¼ 370) representing diverse occupations. MW scores correlated in predicted ways with work-related and general well-being indices, and accounted for unique variance beyond common predictors of job satisfaction, days reported absent from work, and life satisfaction. The authors discuss ways in which this conceptual model provides advantages to scholars, counselors, and organizations interested in fostering MW.
Journal article
Illustrating Bayesian evaluation of informative hypotheses for regression models.
Kluytmans, A., van de Schoot, R., Mulder, J. & Hoijtink, H.
Frontiers in Psychology Vol 3, Issue 2
Abstract
In the present article we illustrate a Bayesian method of evaluating informative hypotheses for regression models. Our main aim is to make this method accessible to psychological researchers without a mathematical or Bayesian background. The use of informative hypotheses is illustrated using two datasets from psychological research. In addition, we analyze generated datasets with manipulated differences in effect size to investigate how Bayesian hypothesis evaluation performs when the magnitude of an effect changes. After reading this article the reader is able to evaluate his or her own informative hypotheses.
Journal article
Well-being in the Batswana cultural context: Constructs and measures
Khumalo, I.P., Temane, Q.M., & Wissing, M.P.
Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 21, Issue 2, Pages 277-286
Abstract
The study investigated wellbeing in a Setswana-speaking sample. Participants (n=459, males =141 females =318; 22% = aged between 30 and 40 years) completed the General Psychological Well-being Scale (GPWS: Khumalo, Temane & Wissing, 2010) and the Mental Health Continuum Short-Form (MHC-SF: Keyes, 2005b). Data were analyzed applying classical test theory (CTT), structural equation modelling (SEM; measurement model) and item response theory (IRT; Rasch model). Both GPWS and MHC-SF measures yielded a multidimensional wellbeing factor structures indicative of a hedonic-eudaimonic wellbeing overlap. Further qualitative research could explore the cultural contextual meanings of wellbeing in Setswana culture.
Journal article
In M. Coetzee, I.L. Potgieter, & N. Ferreira (Eds.), Psychology of retention: Theory, research and practice
Abstract
Journal article
In M. Coetzee, I.L. Potgieter, & N. Ferreira (Eds.), Psychology of retention: Theory, research and practice
Abstract
Journal article
In M. Coetzee, I.L. Potgieter, & N. Ferreira (Eds.), Psychology of retention: Theory, research and practice
Abstract
Journal article
In M. Coetzee, I.L. Potgieter, & N. Ferreira (Eds.), Psychology of retention: Theory, research and practice
Abstract
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